Electronic Gadgets Like Apple iPod - A Boon or Bane Essay Example for Free

Electronic Gadgets Like Apple iPod A Boon or whammy EssayIt has become a necessity. But like alwaysything in universe, electronic gadgets too have deuce sides to them. I am a house wife. I remember very clearly that evening when my husband came home, beaming from ear to ear. He had got a hefty refund on filing his income tax return. And my offshoot reaction was buy me a washing machine. And I was on cloud nine when my first ever washing machine was delivered. Because I must confess that I hate washing even a small(a) hanky with hands. Over the years I surrounded myself with various electronic gadgets. Latest models replaced of age(predicate) ones. I had the same excuse every time that this one works better. Microwave, toaster, griller, refrigerator, vacuum cleaners, dishwasher, geyser, gloriole conditioner, and live warmer the list is endless. No household today is pinpoint without these.They argon no longer considered luxuries. They cook our life easy. It was ok when mi stress of the house stayed back and looked after the house. But today 99% of women are working. They have to balance both home and office. These gadgets are any home makers friends. Electronic gadgets have brought pleasure right inside our living rooms. Today we could see the majestic full solar eclipse victorious place in Kabul while sitting in India.Television and Internet has brought the world together. We all are citizens of a large global village. Computers and laptops are now part of commercial life at all levels. Corporate offices, business houses, railways, banks, post offices are dependent on computers. Work, which used to take hours to complete are just done with a click of mouse. And you can carry your office with you where ever you go that is if your spouse has no objection.Cell phones, iPod, digital cameras, the list is endless. Technology has made our life comfortable quite too comfortable. And this is a cause of concern. No I have nothing against electronic gadgets . I am against our dependency on these gadgets. We blend in to perform in their absence. They are meant to serve us and not to come up us.Today we can watch solar eclipse taking place in Kabul, but fail to hear cries of distress in our neighborhood. Our children are turning computer savvy, but they have not undergo the simple pleasure of climbing up a tree. We have become so used to of air conditioners that breathing in fresh air makes us sick.This dependency is making us physically sick. chit-chat the obesity rate in the world all over, especially the developed countries. List of diseases are also endless like endless gadgets. Lets not make them our masters.

Workers in capitalism Essay Example for Free

acters in capitalism Essay match to James W. Rinehart in The tyranny of Work Alienation and the Labour Process, invent is a primary use for human beings that differentiates human from other forms of life and today adults spend at least one-third of their waking hours on the job, which has great impact on personality of those who perform it (Rinehart 171). Quoting from Russell, there be two kinds of trifle according to professor Conlin. First oddball of seduce is the one where you alter the position of matter, which is unpleasant, ill-paid and dangerous. Second type of work involved you telling others to relocation matter, which is pleasant, well paid and safe. Although I never had a privilege to perform the second type of work, I had a chance to experience the first- consort honours degree type of work at macintosh Donalds. As Russell said, first type of work, which I experienced was definitely unpleasant, ill-paid and dangerous. I worked under unpleasant works con dition with no benefits, constantly forced work more than five days a week, including the weekends.My job at mac Donald involved basically everything, from abolish to cooking to cleaning. At first, I felt signified of pride because I was able to perform some a nonher(prenominal) different tasks at any given situation. However it turned bug out that I was spending too much time at work. Since I was able to perform many jobs, management constantly forced me to work more days with less or no kibosh and even on holidays. I was make g all overnment regulated minimum wage of some where surrounded by six to seven dollars per hour. When I got home from work, I would be so tired that I was non able to do anything moreover to recover for the next day of work. excessively I started to fall back tooth in rail and I spent less time with my friends and family. Work at macintosh Donalds became a large portion of life and it started to penetrate into my personal life.According to Rin ehart, What people do during work hours ofttimes penetrate to the core of their personalities. Work became an activity that takes large portion of time that spills over into non-work spheres of life. (Rinehart 171). However I could non quit because of that sweet pay cheque that I got every two weeks. Then I realized that I was deeply involved and a part of Capitalism. The purpose of this paper is to relate my working experience at mack Donalds to Rineharts argument in respect to relationship among work and alienation. According to Rinehart, who quoted Karl Marx, there ar four type of alienation. A condition in which workers argon alienated from the yield they create, a condition in which workers ar alienated from workprocess, a condition in which workers are alienated from themselves and finally, a condition in which workers are alienated from others. These four types of alienation will be further analyze and related as I disclose my working experience at Mac Donalds.First ty pe of alienation is a condition in which workers are alienated from the products they create. This was extremely au indeedtic in relation to my experience at Mac Donalds. Everything that I was producing was coordinated by management, declareer and Mac Donalds, since it is a franchise. A machine dumped certain amount of fries into basket, which was placed into a fryer that had a timer. Burgers were cooked on a grill that had timer. Certain amounts of sauces were dispensed from a saucer machine and certain amounts of drinks were poured into cups by machines. Every process in preparing a meal was done through machines. The quality, contents and quantity was not determined by those whose labour is responsible for preparing a meal because the ends of capitalist production are not defined by the needs and interest of workers but by employers needs to generate pelfs and inflate capital (Rinehart 177). Even though I was earning in accrue through the process I could not feel sense of pri de and accomplishment.Another alienation that Rinehart discusses is a condition in which workers are alienated from the work process. Workers are cede their ability for determine the intensity and duration of work, to define the manner in which work is organized, split and allocated and to determine the tools and machines used in the production process (Rinehart 178). It is obvious that I had no control over my work process in Mac Donalds. As mentioned earlier, everything had to follow certain process in preparing a meal for a customer. Even the process of serving had to follow an order. A drink had to be served, and then I take money from customer, then a burger was served followed by fries.Because I had to follow these steps in serving I received complains from customer about their food being serve too slow. It was not my choice to serve the way I did, I was instructed by management. The work at Mac Donalds gave me no room for creativity. According to Rinehart, quoting Marx, work is an activity in which people foot clearly manifest their anomalous qualities as human beings and a medium for self-expression andself-development (Rinehart 178). But in fact I was separated from my own creativity and expression at work. All the work processes were routinized and work became not a creative activity but an earning activity in order to survive.Finally, last type of alienation deals with the relationship of individuals to one some other (Rinehart 178). The owner of Mac Donald never showed during the day. But fairish before store close he would come into the store to talk to the management about the days profit. He was not standing in breast of a hot fryer or grill. He was not standing in front of cashier taking orders from customers, where as I did not get a minute to catch my breath. But at the end of the day he was the only one going to home with loaded bank account. I also realized that this is not a problem in just one Mac Donalds. Problems same(p) this are occurring everywhere the label capitalism exist. Capitalism is the name of the economic system that dominates the world today (Heilbroner 3). Individuals invest money into capitals to multiply their wealth and one who possesses wealth is usually a person who enjoys regard and who wields power in the market place (Heilbroner 29).In addition, the situation for my manager who has worked since the opening of the store was not so much different from mine. He had no where to move up, has been doing the same thing for years, and only do few dollars more than I did. He worked five to six times a week and a lot called into fill in for someone else. He was never home on the weekends or even holidays, thus, he had no social life. As an individual he was a kind person but when it comes to work he was very stubborn. This is a form of alienation that Rinehart address and quotesPeople who occupy sovereign and mercenary positions at the workplace alienated from each other. Their relationship is an antagonistic one and is ground purely on pecuniary consideration. This asymmetry of workplace relationship creates the foundation for a class structure that entails sharp differences in power, privilege and life chances and that inhibits social intercourse across class lines (Rinehart 178).The owner, who only came to collect his daily profit and the manager, who only made few dollars more than me, were alienated from each other based on argument and position in the workplace. I had never talk to the owner andfor owner I was another heights school kid who could be replaced at any moment because hundred other guys like me who wants work just as hard as I did. This alienation in workplace created a class system within one little Mac Donald. The book of facts of alienation was social structure quite an than in individual personalities its causes are social rather than psychological (Rinehart 179).Going back to the purpose of this paper, how are these four types of alienation discussed by Rinehart and Marx manifested at Mac Donalds? I did not need high school diploma or university degree to work as a cashier and cooker at Mac Donalds. Also since I was replaceable at any moment and considered not as a person but as a employee number and a kid who sells his labour for minimum wage, the owner and the management tempered me as they wish. This is how alienation is manifested, even in such a small local Mac Donalds, and this is where the straight nature of capitalism prevailed. For the working class and the lower class capitalism is always a downhill, as time goes on your moving closer to the bottom of the society. It is definitely a perfect example of the mysterious getting richer and the poor getting poorer. I ask to strongly agree with Rinehart in respect to capitalism and alienation of labour because through my job experience I was able to witness everything Rinehart had expressed.Rinehart points out lead sources of alienation c formerlyntration of the means of production in the hands of a small but dominant class, markets in land, labour and commodities and an elaborate division of labour. It is obvious to see that I experience at Mac Donalds clearly show all three sources of alienation. I did not have the sophisticated machines to produce flavourful burgers and fries. I did not own a building to sell my burgers even if I was capable of making better burgers than Mac Donalds. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, every work process was precisely and scientifically calculated and deliberate by management. I was only carrying out tasks that were told by people from above. Work had become a instant and mindless and narrowly limited the development of my human capacities (Rinehart 181). However on the other side, there are scholars like Daniel doorbell and Edward P. Thompson who disagrees with Rinehart and argues that capitalism is the only way human can increase standard of living.Bell argues discretionary income is a good thing. I ncome above thatnecessary for the fulfillment of basic needs allowed individuals to choose many varied items to exemplify different consumption styles (Bell 155). My question is why should the few dominant class be able to enjoy high level of income where the majority, who work hard everyday be left with a few dollars just enough to put food on the table every night and just enough for basic survival. Our modern capitalist world evolves around money and our social relationship is based on exchange of money. Capitalism is forcing the world to be structured on the factor that skills and experience have little or no recognition compared to wealth and power. Initial principle of capitalism was to emancipate peasants from feudal obligations. However capitalism is forcing working in labour market, where they are exploited by capitalists and turned into machines that listens and go after to our bosses, who contribute a very small portion of what they make for telling us what to do.Work ca n offer a sense of accomplishment or meaninglessness it can be a source of pride or shame (Rinehart 171). In my experience I inherited the shame and the owner who comes once a day to collect inherited the pride. How can a system which provides a hard working individual with shame be the best economical system for workers? Thompson argues that the working class chose to be in the position where they are. Also he says that they system (Capitalism) require large portion of workers that converted into simple machines, ignorant, degraded, and barbarian human beings (Thompson 127).But problem is that working class never had a choice to choose between worker and capitalist to begin with. Is this phenomenon inevitable in modern capitalist society? There are government approaches and labour kernel movements to give workers not all but some sort of reinforcement over their work processes. However I never had a privilege to enjoy the help of union when I worked at almighty Mac Donalds. And although some people assume that union is a pain in the neck in society, it is definitely a necessary evil for workers feel sense of pride in their work and protect their right in workplace.Bibliography-Bell, Daniel. The cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. Basic Books. 1976-Heilbroner, Robert. Twenty-First Century Capitalism. House of Anansi Press Inc. Toronto 1992.-Rinehart, W. James. The one-man rule of Work Alienation and the Labour Process. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1987.-Thompson, P. Edward. Making of the English Working Class. Penguin Books. Canada 1968.

Time and the Clocks Essay Example for Free

m and the Clocks EssayIntroduction It is nearly kno(prenominal)n that engineering science is very principal(prenominal) aspect in human vivification and Critical p lightness with engineering science class held lot of concepts and theories with regard to how to look at and understand technology that helped in ever-changing some of the precedent understandings. The class helped in developing the skills to be equal to evaluate several(predicate) approaches and slipway of thinking in regards to understanding technology. Also to know the issues that impact the management of technology and how the technology influenced managers abilities to go away better management of both resources and deal. The class also examined the drivers and factors that impacted technology implementation such as social, political, economic, among others. The saucy way of thinking about the technology and how it is driven was presented in class through several(prenominal)(prenominal) emergence s that was introduced such as Nothing wise Under the Sun, Historical Perspective on Technology The Industrial Revolution Technology as the Context for and Product of Human Endeavour Techno logical Determinism brotherly Shaping of Technology Management, Power and Technology The communication channel further gave us the opportunity to pick a technology and ably what we learned in the class.Our case sight that we picked talked about the measure and how the society influence the way of measuring sentence passim history. The clock like a shot atomic number 18 technology that has been taken for granted. The cogitate of this case learning is to show the importance of date treasurement and how our life nowadays revolves around it. By going through history all the way from victimization the fair weather and stars to the development of quantify that incomplete lose nor gain wholeness second in 200 million geezerhood to show how universe oceanrches for more than trueness by developing the tools to measure the condemnation.Literature Review As mentioned earlier, the course provided us with lot of concepts and theories with regards to technology that in turns helped in understanding and facilitating of our case study. Concepts such as Technological Determinism and favorable Shaping of Technology helped in carrying out our reoceanrch and that is why it is pregnant to define them. The idea of that technology development affect and shape the society is called Technological Determinism and it implies that the technology changes by following its own logic and come from outside society.Hard technological determinism which lays on simple ca expenditure up-and-effect and not considering other factors such as economic, political, cultural, among others is considered as an oversimplified theory for the technological change. This was the common way of thinking that encourage the passive attitude toward technology change. It is worth mentioning that new tech nology are developed from an existing technology or a combinations of several existing technologies through a gradual change.Therefore, the social shaping of technology theory critique the technological determinism theory and suggests that society has more active attitude toward technology development in the since that society decides what and how to use it. Also the social shaping of technology theory consider other factors mentioned previously that affect the technology wheel of development (Mackenzie and Wajcman, 1999). Having said that, the distinguish between the two theories among the other topics learned in this course open our minds as well as provided us with better understanding of technology development.The Beginnings of the Clocks The forepart of earth and its moon gave the indications for the year, month, and day. Human invented the hours, minutes and seconds as smaller units for the term. Middle East ancient subtlety divided the day into 24 hours with 60 minutes an hour and 60 seconds a minutes. At the blood there were the sunbathedials and the water clock that didnt acquaint exact period but rather name the flow of cadence (Franz, 1978) (Dale, 1992). Before the mechanical clocks, tidy sum had many attempts to surface a tool to measure time more correctly.The candle clock which was basically a candle with the hours marked on it was one thingumajig. Another device was the hourglass or sandglass that was used at sea and it required someone to stay b say to it to flip it because each flip was counted as half an hour or an hour. Although both devices were used at night and that helped in solving the line of work of the sundial that depends on the sun, another problem came to realization which was that these devices didnt give the time of the day rather they solitary(prenominal) measured periods of time (Dale, 1992).People of ancient China, Babylon, and Egypt sight the tie in between time alimenting and the positions of stars due to the fact that stars changes position in a regular pattern. This link motivated hoi polloi to find new ways to measure time more accurately especially at sea (Dale, 1992). Pope Sylvester II invented the first mechanical clock in year 1000 and they spread among European cathedrals by 1300. They were used to inform people about the time they should go to church and that was the early use for them. Some of these clocks gave astronomical information and others had bells to call people (Sherman, 2005).It is enkindle that an old mechanical clock that was built in 1386 is still working in England in Salisbury Cathedral. The small clocks didnt come a ample until after the invention of mainspring and those clocks were built for wealthy people where they were considered as worth(predicate) possessions that they show off with. Marine Navigation When the magnetic compass were invented, it was used by sailors to steer the ships in an accurate direction, but compasses werent steady enough in rough weather and hence deciding the direction based on them was difficult.The Sextant was the next invention and it was the legal instrument used to measure the heights of the sun in order to calculate the ships latitude (May, 1973) (Cotter, 1977). All these instruments solve part of the problem because there were no means to measure the longitude and the position of the ships on the latitude was purely based on the sailors guess (Cotter, 1977). The speed of ships is measured by knots and it is based on an old method called the Dead figuring. After plotting the course using the compass, a rope with several knots on it with a log at the end of that rope were thrown overboard.Then a sandglass was used to measure the period. When it was time the rope was pulled and the knots were counted. development this method sailors were able to calculate the distance they sailed (May, 1973) (Gould and Dyson, 1976). The compass, astrolabe and the dead reckoning were the only methods used by t he gravid explorers like Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher Columbus and what is more interesting is that they didnt get hold of a particular destination when they discovered the new lands. These discoveries provided the opportunity of trading but another problem of navigation came up.No one was able to know how long the trip going to take or how often food they should take with them to inseminate the crew of the ship. Fresh food rotted before they reach their destination along with other problems caused by the poor navigation at that time. Knowing the longitude and better timekeeping was the answer. Cotter (1977) stated that the difference between the time readings in two different places will help in calculating the longitude. For this calculation to be mathematical a standard time was extremityed.Since Britain was the leading seafaring nation in the 17th century it resolute to take the Royal Observatory at Greenwich as the standard time and the longitude passing through Gr eenwich became 0 degrees. At that time other countries took different places as mark 0 degrees. When the radio were used as the mean of communication between ships, Greenwich scheme was used internationally in 1884. Mechanical clocks provided more accurate measurement of time than candles or sandglasses, but still they were not accurate enough because the golf shot of the pendulum was upset by the motion of the ships.The early mechanical clocks needed to be checked against other clocks or against the sun on a frequent bases. Sailors knew that they needed a clock that keep the accurate standard time even under that challenging conditions of the sea. According to Gould and Dyson (1976) the British government was appall by the fact that lots of ships both merchant and naval were lost due to the hazardous conditions of the Atlantic Ocean. And that is why the government announced a competition in 1714 with a prize of ? 20,000 for a chronometer with specialized criteria.The British go vernment wanted an accurate chronometer that gives the correct longitude reading within 55 kilometres after vi weeks of sailing. In order to be that precise, the new chronometer must not loss nor gain more than leash seconds per day also it should be able to cope with the conditions of the sea such as the salty sea air and the temperature and humidity changes. At that time no clock was able to achieve that accuracy and it was a big technical challenge. In 1759, John Harrison, who was a clockmaker, succeeded after three previous attempts in inventing the perfect(a) chronometer.The chronometer was tested by Harrisons son William when he sailed to Jamaica two years after the invention came to light. Harrisons chronometer passed the test. It only lost an average of 2. 7 second a day and it was able to give an accurate longitude reading within 30 kilometres. It is worth mentioning that chronometers were not used generally until 1800 and this is because it was very expensive to give o ne. Navigation problems were solved by using the clocks and the seas became busy highways at that time (Gould and Dyson, 1976).Railways TimeThe industrial revolution was powered by the steam power as well as the revolution in violate where the railways spread quickly at that time. The main purpose of the railways was to transport coal although it was used to transport passengers too. By making the transport easier peoples lives has changed. In the early days of railways public clocks werent synchronized and there wasnt a single standard time. The trains were separated and spread along the tracks using time intervals system and that caused problems for travellers as well as posed a safety hazard.With the first appearance of railways time that used Greenwich Mean Time the public timekeeping has changed and that solved the problems of railways. Moreover, the demand for more accuracy in daily tasks were influenced by railway time. It is worth mentioning that it took the government 40 years since the introduction of railways time to expire the standard time for Great Britain and that was in 1880 (Schivelbusch, 1986). The Industrial Revolution Commodities and industries were made in a different way in Europe after 1780 and that is why historians gave the name the industrial revolution.In this revolution, cheaper and faster machines replaced the dear(p) and slow manual crafts. For example, cotton industry changed a lot, at first cotton was woven manually and it was considered as luxury but with the industrial revolution and the introduction of the new cotton mills, the production buzz off faster and that caused the price to drop drastically for the product. Moreover, this movement puts lot of people out of work and the only thing that they could do at that time is to work in the mills.This movement also introduced many people to the important of time. Factories machines were kept running for long time during the day for the investors to gain the best return and it was important that workers arrive on time. Workers who came late were usually punished with a fine deducted from their weekly payments. At that time only few people had clocks to tell them the time other used the knocker-up who was someone locomote around and waking people to go to work (Cardwell and Cardwell, 2001). The method of workers payments changed due to this movement too.Before full treatment used to earn fixed payments for a day of work but when the factories started to use the shift system workers started to be paid using hourly rate. This was possible with the invention of a machine that kept render of how many hours the worker actually worked. The worker had to stamp a card using that machine that showed the time of start and end. That process was called clocking on-clocking off (Cardwell and Cardwell, 2001). Time Control Reeves and Duncan et al. (2001), Webster and Davies et al.(2011), and Borst (1993) agreed upon that Time and motion study which was developed by Frederick Taylor in 1880 helped in studying different factories operations to speed them up by identifying what is really needed and that in return helped manufacturers to use their workers and machinery more efficiently. The concept of saving the time became an important one when the awareness of time increased. That concept pushed lot of technologies to be invented especially after the invention of electricity to replace the boring and routine tasks such as cleaning, washing clothes, among others.Another form of time guard was the use of time switches which were basically a clock combined with a switch that enabled automatic good turn on and off for the devices. More accurate clocks Wagner (2008) said that the work of most specialists such as engineers, physicists, among others depends heavily on precise time measurements. Nowadays, 300 atomic clocks at different laboratories are used to calculate global time. But researchers are pursuing more accuracy in time measurement and the results will replace the process of averaging the data from the atomic clocks.Researchers developed optical clocks that go and measure the frequencies of strontium atoms (a chemical element with atomic number 38) by using the lasers. With the ability of the new clocks to measure the oscillation at higher frequency ranges, the results are clocks that measure time more accurately. Also these new clocks are expected to measure time in intervals much smaller than what the atomic clock that will help in giving the clock that ability to incomplete lose nor gain one second in a period of 200 million years (Wagner, 2008). Methodology Before us as a group decided on the topic in hand we had lot of discussions with lot of topics to talk about.After we reached an agreement we distributed the work and each of the members had to research a specific period in time to find out more about time and clocks. It was an interesting task that expanded my knowledge about the subject. After each memb er focused on the topic designate our group met to share the findings. Comments were exchanged to further address the subject from different angles. The researches were done using books, online articles, and journals. The group met for the second time with the new findings and slides for the presentation. The presentation was put together and rehearsed.We didnt have to abide as much because we used methods such as blogs and dropbox to share our work and discuss further. I was assigned with the topic regarding the marine navigation and the early problems and I found out that different resources agreed and have the same facts about the subject. Also I was able to dig deeper and find interesting facts with regards to other topics in this document that in turn helped me gain immense knowledge about the theories proposed as well as provided me with the comprehensive understanding I was seeking.Findings and Discussion I was able to carry out this case study and research with most open m ind and with referring to the theories and topics learned in class. I found out that the clocks is considered as one of the oldest inventions in history and also how humanity is continuously seeking for more accuracy in regards to time measurement even nowadays. Also I found out how the concept of time measurement affect and pushed other technologies to emerge and how it was used in the industrial revolution era. It is clear that throughout history human had the same idea which was the important of measuring time.What differs was the development of the devices that measure the time in a more accurate manner. It is also observed that the development of the device depends on the same concepts of the previous ones but with better ways of doing it. Early sailors used land marks and stayed close to the land in order to find their way and to know their position. Then sailors become more adventurist over time and started to find new ways to help them navigate in the open sea. Methods such as astronomy placard helped in calculating the ships locations to work out the directions and set the course of the ship by using an instrument called the astrolabe.The astrolabe was the tool used by the ancient Greeks, but the biggest default was it needed a clear chuck out and it was only used at night. With the invention of the chronometer that solved the marine problems I felt that it was one of the breakthroughs in the world of clocks that help in measuring the time more precisely. It showed that the need of the accuracy in the time measurement was a social need to solve the problems rather than resulting from technological determinism. It is hard nowadays to find someone who doesnt care about time.This is showed by the fact that everything in the modern life had something to do with time and clocks. For example, the personal computers where the clock is installed as a ship in the heart of the device to regulate the electrical signals (Borst, 1993), the use of the timer in th e microwave, setting the alarm to go to work or school, transportation timetable, among other examples. Clocks is everywhere but as mentioned before, it is a technology taken for granted. Conclusion.The clocks development throughout history showed a true evident of the society shaping the technology changes with the need of finding ways to measure time more accurately. Also the history showed that the clocks came a long way and the development and researches for more accurate clocks is still going on. The clocks began with using the sun and the stars. Then they were used to count periods using water clocks, candle clocks, and sandglass clocks. After that mechanical clocks came to light with the use of gears and motion. And with the need for a clock to per the sea conditions and to give accurate longitude readings, the chronometer came about.Finally, reaching to the atomic clocks that we use nowadays to measure time and for the future the use of optical clocks that measure time with smaller intervals than ever. With the development of the clocks we can observe how people lives changed. Not forgetting about the disadvantages where some people suffer from something called time stress and this is because we want to do lots of things and the clashes among them caused by the time constrains lead to stress. References Borst, A. 1993. The ordering of time. Chicago University of Chicago Press.Cardwell, D. and Cardwell, D. 2001. Wheels, clocks, and rockets. unfermented York W. W. Norton. Cotter, C. 1977. The elements of navigation and nautical astronomy. Glasgow Brown and Ferguson. Dale, R. 1992. Timekeeping. New York Oxford University Press. Franz, M. 1978. Time. New York Thames and Hudson. Gould, R. and Dyson, F. 1976. The marine chronometer. capital of the United Kingdom The Holland Press. Mackenzie, D. and Wajcman, J. 1999. Introductory essay the social shaping of technology. The social shaping of technology, pp. 327. May, W. 1973. A history of marine navigation. N ew York Norton. Reeves, T. C. , Duncan, W. J. Ginter, P.M. 2001, Motion study in management and the artsA historical example, Journal of Management Inquiry, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 137-149. Schivelbusch, W. 1986. Railway journey. Berkeley University presses of California. Top of Form Bottom of Form Sherman, J. 2005. How do we know the nature of time. New York Rosen Pub. Group. Wagner, C. G. 2008, New Clocks Its About Time, The Futurist, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 10. Webster, J. , Davies, H. , Stankiewicz, M. Fleming, L. C. 2011, Estimating the Time Involved in Managing the Unoccupied Bed A Time and Motion Study, Nursing Economics, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 317-22.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Article Essay Example for Free

Sarbanes-Oxley exercise Article EssaySection 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley ActThis article refreshen is on the article written by David S. Addington called Congress Should wind or Fix Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to Help Create Jobs. The Heritage Foundation published the article on September 30 2013. In the article, the author addresses concerns among companies staying in respect with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The author indicates that section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley act has caused a financial essence on companies. Companies spend a large amount of money to stay in compliance with the regulations on section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Furthermore, companies could use the money spent on auditing financial records to invest in more personal credit line lines and create more jobs (Additon, 2011).Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires companies to include a statement of the responsibility of the company care for establishing and maintaining an a dequate internal visit structure and procedures for financial reporting along with their report filed with the Securities and Exchange delegacy (SEC). The annual report essential include an assessment of the effectiveness of the companys internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting, followed by having a registered macrocosm accounting firm attest on, and report on the assessment made by the management. This persuasion of the legislation requires companies to document important financial documents along with the reexamination from the certified public accounting firm it requires tremendous effort and large amounts of money for companies to comply with this aspect of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Additon, 2011). The author indicates that companies can use the money spent by companies to stay in compliance on other businesses lines creating more job opportunities and benefiting the economy. The author demands that Congress should examine whether section 404 is need ed, and if so, how to cut its pricy burden on businesses. Modifying or repealing section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act can free businesses to stimulate the economy (Additon, 2011). Businesses must stay in compliance with the law to operate efficiently at all times. Companies should stay in compliance to get the confidence and trust from investors.The 2012 Sarbanes-Oxley compliancy Survey listed where companiesstand on reviewing cost, time, efforts, processes to stay in compliance with the regulations. Approximately 35% of midsize organizations spend from $100,000 to $500,000 annually, and almost 80% spend $1 million or less. By year four of Sarbanes-Oxley compliance, most organization are spending $100,000 to $500,000 annually (2012 Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Survey) this is relatively a small amount of money compared the total amount the company actually makes. The Sarbanes-Oxley act protects the public from unethical behavior by companies. If the government does not hold companie s accountable for their financing, it will lead to unconfident investors in the market if the public is not investing in businesses the economy will not be better. The take account the company pays to stay in compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is at the right price, achieving trust, and confidence from the public.ReferencesDavid S. Addington Congress Should Repeal or Fix Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to Help Create Jobs. The Heritage Foundation. September 30, 2011. Web. Retrieved from http//www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/09/congress-should-repeal-or-fix-section-404-of-the-sarbanes-oxley-act-to-help-create-jobs 2012 Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Survey. Retrieved from http//www.protiviti.com/en-US/Documents/Surveys/2012-SOX-Compliance-Survey-Protiviti.pdf

Wemmick - Character Analysis Essay Example for Free

Wemmick Character abridgment EssayIn an abstract manner Doyle uses Watson to represent the reader in terms of resemblance of attributes for represent twain the reader and Watson are both ignorant of many important intricacies of the case so that they both rely on Holmes to decipher the details for them. Also it could be suggested that both Watson and the audience are toilsome to escape a much more tedious life and indulge in the exhilarating escapades of intelligence officer Holmes.Furthermore the questions that Holmes asks Watson in addition probe the reader to answer the question for themselves this is major attraction to this genre, the sense that they are solving a disgust. This teamed with the fact that a blue(a) audience would be able to relate regular more specifically, on different levels, with Watson due to the relevance of him world a straitlaced gentleman of which the readers would obtain been familiar with. Watson is particularly descriptive which give s the reader a real sense of the location and atmosphere.The vocabulary is also partingistic of Watson with the many words being adjectives repeated from story to story. An illustration of this point is the word ejaculated to separate the abrupt vocalizations of someone this all gives a sense of familiarity with the stories and also a rapport with Watsons character. This sense of security system that familiarity brought was badly needed by a Victorian audience who were unsure of their safety due to the lustreless crime prevention of the police force.Unlike the Victorian police Sherlock Holmes always captured the criminal which was exceptionally reassuring at the cartridge clip. Holmes and Watson are two very different characters with one common goal, to apprehend the blameful party in whatever mystery they are both entangled in. This contrast in character serves again to glorify Holmes as a gifted detective, this works in the way that Watson is a preferably passive character or Holmes foil if you will, which leads most of the proceedings to be conducted by Holmes which shows in a positively intellectual light.The contrast in the logical awareness of Watson and Holmes leaves Holmes appearing almost omniscient compared to the ordinarily clueless Watson. This technique is also used with the numerous police inspectors Holmes employs to do his bidding, each time they determine the fool whilst Holmes seizes the acclaim. This is technique used by Doyle to idolise Holmes to the reader. The language used throughout the Sherlock Holmes stories is intensely descriptive as to quench the readers thirst for all the aspects that could fuddle effected the mystery incurring.In historical context this ultra-descriptive style of writing was a more necessary feature in a pre-television era, til now in the twenty-first century a readers desire for a detailed picture of other forgiving life is fulfilled by other more advanced forms of media. This is perhaps why, in my experience, readers of the present time period are not exhilarated by the, at the time innovative, detailed style of writing. Watson is very much used as tool by Doyle, in all the ways suggested throughout this test but also in a different, more political manner.In the Holmes stories Watson conveys the generalised views of an upper household society at the time. The ideals concerned included a negative look upon drugs and an opinion that they are used, or abused, by the subordinate well-disposed groups. Watsons, or Doyles, views are shared in this quote You should be repentant of yourself This is Watson taking a stern view upon one of his own noble friends indulging in a couple days in an opium den. Watson is also especially respectable of all women throughout the stories, chivalry being an exceptionally valued commodity in Victorian times.Watson, or better still Doyle, is a interpretive program of the Victorian era, which is why the stories were so popular at the time. Furthe r still Watson gives a social translation of Victorian London which, as you can imagine, would be most interesting to not only Victorian Londoners but also Victorians that lived in other areas but were curious of the cosmopolitan lifestyle of London. Watson teamed with Holmes gives them this along with a descriptive and arguably a thrilling story.In conclusion my belief is that, yes, Watson is a better suited narrator for a Victorian audience rather than a neo audience, this being because of the chronologically social relevance that would supply greater interest for a Victorian reader. However disagreement is found with the teaching that Watson is an inadequate narrator for twenty-first century reader as the stories still raise a plow of interesting issues and remain a thrilling read due to the exciting adventures Holmes embarks upon.An objection modern readers have is that the stories are formulaic and therefore tiresome however for the Victorian audience this was an essential feature to take away a sense of security into their generally uncertain lives. There is no doubt that the Sherlock Holmes stories are written for a Victorian audience however this does not exclude modern readers from finding the very(prenominal) overall enjoyment from the stories. The fact is that certain features may not be relevant to a modern readers interests or experiences in a modern life.A plus point is that because of the impression made, upon the stories, by Victorian life that Sherlock Holmes is a useful research tool for that time period. Additionally it is not a question of Watson being unsuitable for a modern audience but instead it is an issue of the crime stories themselves being relevant and therefore enjoyable for a modern audience. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

The Reformation Essay Example for Free

The Reformation EssayGabriel Mtzenburg in his clause Calvin and the Swiss Re sources ( p442 The Lion Handbook of saviorian Belief) says that - The Reformation was a reawakening. It was non basically an attempt at theoretic speculation and research. It was experience. Long before the well kn protest reformers Martin Luther and outho go for session Calvin came along thither had been criticism of the church. In 1378 in that respect came the corking Schism , one of the results of which was that delivery universeians saw for the first term that it was possible to go to struggle against someone whom others saw as the true pontiff. In 1418 the church was united under one pope at once to a greater extent, barely damage to papal authority had been severe.Authority was too centralized and the granting of benefices had come to wager practically more on the petitioner involved quite a than the needs of the faithful church pieces. keister Huss, a Bohemian, had been burned at the stake in 1415 for his opposition to the church when he taught that ordinary manpower and women could , by living virtuous lives, be more truly priests than some ordained to that position. His followers saturnine a authority from shrines and worship of the crucifix as being scarcely manmade rather than worthy of true worship. tally to McNair in his article Seeds of Re peeledal the problem had been building up for at least one light speed course of studys. The church was seen as too rich, when legion(predicate) church goers were poor.The sacraments of baptism, marriage and funerals were considered essential by the church, provided these processes were pricy for those who wanted them. There was corruption twain in individual priests, even popes, and in the system as a square, where corruption was condoned. In the upper ranks of the clergy many were worldly and ambitious, and had little measure to spare for such(prenominal)(prenominal) tasks as the care of souls while the lower ranks contained those who were idle and ignorant. These were the circumstances in the late middle ages. This criticism came from at bottom the church and what was wanted was reform.However this in conclusion led to the outright rebellion we now call the Reformation. non that the church was wholly corrupt, in that respect was much good work going on, but from this distance in while it is difficult to perceive the piety and goodness that was also present. Having said that many bishops and abbots were also unsanctified territoryrs and this became the dominant feature of their lives in lots of cases. The church at this time was under other threats to its constancy in the form of attacks from the Muslim Turks and from the Black Death, both of which occurred from the mid-fourteenth century and were seen by many as beau ideals punishment for the failings of the Catholic church. some other important development was the rise of the Devotio Moderna collide withment.This w as a form of unearthly revival in the church of Northern Europe which concentrated upon individual(prenominal) involvement and social action. I t consisted of groups of men and women who lived together in poverty and obedience, but without taking any form of vows. In this group ordinary working people name that they could express their religious life. Thomas Kempis was a member of one such collective. They modelled themselves on the use of the apostles. The teaching of this movement, freely available to all who could read, prepared the way for the Reformation of the church. People at the time had a very real fear of punishment that they believed they would ask in in Purgatory, for the church taught that before ascending to heaven the soul must be cleansed of every sin.At the same time they accepted the authority of the Pope as having been handed down through Christ to St Peter and his successors. But the Pope and his church taught that those who sinned in life would spend many years in Purgatory before they reached Heaven. It is no wonder that they sought Indulgences a basals on earth to reduce their time in Purgatory. Johann Tetzel was sent to Germany to sell indulgences in 1516. According to the theology of the time an indulgence was remission of punishment for sin the sinner confesses and receives absolution.In October 1517 Martin Luther wrote to his local archbishop complaining close to the sale of such indulgences. He enwrap what became known as the 95 theses a series of scholarly arguments about the practices then current in the church. When he nailed these same theses to the door of Witternberg church it was a symbolic act of protest. This was not so much an act of rebellion as a plea for reform from within. Luther matt-up that forgiveness was Gods prerogative, not that of men to be bought and sold. What he wanted was a deepening of spirituality within the church. He is quoted by James Atkinson in The Lion book of Christian Belief ( page 439 ) as verbalism I simply say that true Christianity had ceased to exist among those who should comport preserved it the bishops and scholars.He eventually came to aroma that the Reformation was much more than a protest against corruption, but a battle for the truth of the Gospel. So important was this to him that he stated that he would give up every point to the Pope, if that the Pope affirmed the truth of the Gospel and in particular the doctrine of justification by faith i.e. that Christs own goodness is imputed to believers and on this ground alone do they receive salvation. Indeed he describes himself as, before this matter had arisen, as one of the right frantic and raving papists in his book of 1545, make Martin Luther to the Christian Reader. By criticizing the church on this one point, the sale of indulgences, he endangered the whole keister of the authority of the church.If it was wrong on this one point who could say on which other points it exponent also be wrong. Its riches for instance were not only in contrast to what the majority had, they were in contrast to what Christ had had, and with what he had taught. This idea of putting Christ first, rather than the works of men, rather lessened the power of the priest as mediator and weighed heavily against the systems of church at that time. Luther was urged to re erectt, but refused to do so and went into hiding at Wartburg, which is where he translated the whole newly Testament in a very all of a sudden time. The word quickly spread and in several(prenominal) countries of Western Europe the authority of the church came into question. unremarkable people who came to believe in this spiritual freedom of the individual also came to think that it might mean political freedom and took up arms to fight for such freedom in 1525.This time the unsanctified as well as religious powers took up the arguments. Lay men, the princes and rulers of German states, were for the first time have to clash w ith the church and eventually reject it altogether. According to The Christian World p.172, historians have argued too that the new merchant class that had gradually emerged in the middle ages had no political role and needed to bring to pass one. New ideas, in particular humanistic ones, were going about which vied with the churchs dogmatic approach. Luthers appeal to the script, to the will of God and to mans individual relationship with God, led to steps that he would never have originally dreamt of. one and only(a) of those steps was Calvinism, with its strict doctrines of election i.e.God has pre-ordained people for salvation. Another was the Puritanism that developed in England a little afterwards, which according to the dictionary was a form of extreme example vigour with an hostility to social pleasures and indulgences. Luther began a new translation of the ledger into German in 1517 contempt the fact that Archbishop Berthold of Mainz had, in 1486, banned all unauthor ized printing of sacred books in his diocese, as he felt that the German language was unsuited to the task., and that lay people, who did not have knowledge of the Latin and classical needed to read the Latin and Greek Bible available, would not be able to understand the Bible anyway.When this new Bible became available many thought that if the Bible contained the word of God why should not its readers, the laity, decide for themselves about religious matters. Luther firmly believed in the importance of the scriptures being available to all. At shadow al ways carry in your heart something from Holy Scriptures to bed with you, meditate upon it like a ruminant animal, and go softly to sleep but this must not be too much, rather a little that may be well pondered and understood, that you may stupefy a remnant of it in your thinker when you rise in the morning. As a result of such thinking for many private idol worship became the centre of their Christian life, rather than the sacr aments of the church.It served another(prenominal) rather assorted purpose as this common use of language eventually bought about a united Germany from the many tiny states then present. Over the following(a) 25 years Luther produced many books in powerful and vivid German that could be understood by ordinary people. His translation of the Bible served to convince many that his arguments were sound. Protestant ideas spilled over into neighbouring states such as the cantons of Switzerland. One of these, Zurich, was where Ulrich Zwingli , 1484 1531, also led a campaign in opposition to indulgences. Although a Catholic priest he bought in Luthers ideas and by 1523 the canton was the first Protestant state outside Germany.His theology was base on one linguistic rule, if something wasnt in the scriptures then it should not be believed or practised. It was on this principle that he based his argument against indulgences. His theology involved a literal reading of the scriptures so t hat there could be only one meaning ascribed. It also meant that those practices which were contained in scripture were to be followed uncritically. It is on the basis of such thoughts that the first pilgrims set out for America and such ideas persist in society to this day. Zwingli was priest during a terrible attack of plague. I t bought him to believe that though his flock were in cracking physical danger from the disease they were in even greater danger because of their spiritual weakness.Luther was not Zwingli and there were differences in their beliefs. Luther was not willing to give up Catholic ceremonies and on the subject of the nature of the ceremony they totally disagreed. Luther held to the Catholic view that the pelf and wine literally became the body and rip of Christ whereas Zwingli held that it was merely a symbol. The Protestant churches tended to emphasise the spirituality of Christ and felt that this idea of actual body and blood over emphasised his humanity. This dispute led to Philip of Hesse, who wanted an alliance with Switzerland, calling the two together in 1519 at his Marburg castle.However the differences were irreconcilable and the reformed church , within a few decades, had split into tons of tiny pieces. Zwingli was eventually killed in battle with those Swiss cantons who had decided to remain part of the Catholic church. John Calvin 1509 1564, a French man from Picardy, came along a little later. He went even further than both Luther and Zwingli, basing his theology on the total subservience of mans will to that of Gods. God preordained, for his own glory and the display of His attributes of mercy and justice, a part of the human race, without any merit of their own, to eternal salvation, and another part, in just punishment of their sin, to eternal damnation.He arrived in Geneva in 1535, fresh from studies in the universities of France studies that would have included new humanistic ideas. He was such a dedicated ascetic that eventually he ruined his health. Though sleek over only a young man, he set about turning it into a city of God on earth. It was later described as The Protestant capital of Italy by Mtzenberg. After much persecution he was forced to flee to Basel, which is where he wrote his famous Institutes of the Christian Religion., first published in 1536 and later expanded. This he addressed in a pre slope to index Francis I on behalf of the French Hugenots. It was this great work, added to throughout his life, that set Calvin up as a great leader. Calvins reforms meant that churches changed physically.The pulpit, where Gods word was declaimed, and applied to the life of the community became the centre of worship rather than the alter. There were three essential parts to their worship baptism, preaching and the sharing of communion. Also in Switzerland at the time was John Oecolampadius from Basel, who was very determined upon the independence of the church from the state. He had some influence upon Calvin, but was closer to Zwingli. Calvin believed in marriage rather than clerical celibacy and married the widow of an Anabaptist.The Anabaptists were so named because of their practice of re-baptising those who had been baptised in infancy, when, as adults they confessed to a personal faith. They considered infant baptism as being invalid because the kid concerned had no say in the matter. Luther on the other hand held that infants had hidden faith, just as adults were still saved when they were unconscious or asleep. Anabaptists were considered to be among the more radical of the dissenting groups. They saw the New Testament church as basically congregational and so urged that each group of believers be free lance of the others and held that they should be totally free from state, either in the form of support or control.It seems that Calvin really appreciate his wife and even considered her a helper in his ministry. The five points of Calvinism which carry hi s name were in fact produced by the Synod of Nort. They do however reflect his idea that God is able to save everyone on whom he has mercy and this does not depend upon their abilities. Calvin suffered such poor health that he was at times truly carried to the pulpit and even preached from his bedroom. Anabaptist was also used as a general term of abuse for those seen as in opposition to the church. Calvin was succeeded by Theodore Beza ( 1519 -1605) After announcing that he was a Protestant in 1559 Beza was made prof of Greek at Lausanne University.He became a leading advisor to the Huguenots in France. His aim was to establish the amend faith across Europe, but especially in France. In the Netherlands Luther and his writing were an inspiration to many. As archaean as 1523 people were being martyred for their adherence to the new faith. Those who accepted adult baptism despite having been baptized as infants were among them. Later it was Calvins influence with his doctrine of pr edestination that would rule. But Spain ruled the Low Countries at that time and the king of Spain was firmly opposed to Protestantism. This lead to a call for independence and 100,000 people were said to have died in the struggle, but eventually in 1584 the northern Netherlands formed a Federation under the rule of William the Silent.This new church however soon split because of the teaching of Arminius (1560 1609) professor of theology at Leiden. He said that though God wanted all to be saved he still allowed man to have free will. At first he was condemned for this, but he insisted that his view was a biblical one and eventually such thoughts became tolerated and in 1795 were officially accepted by the Syndod. This was a big move from Calvins predestination of only the elect.. John Husss followers supported Luther at first, but near soon switched to Calvinism. In Poland the two sides managed to reach an amicable understanding.There were however internal rumblings, some caused by the ideas of Socinus, who among other things went so far as denying the deity of Christ. An important figure there was Menno Simons, a former Catholic priest and founder of the Mennonites. As a priest he conducted the mass, baptized infants, heard confessions and prayed. What the did not do was read the scriptures as he had been taught, according to Ronald Gordon, that only the Pope could correctly interpret the Bible. He first began to have doubts about papal infallibility with regard to the doctrine of Transubstantiation i.e. the belief that during the mass the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.This had first become an official doctrine in 1215 and affirmed in the 16th century during the Council of Trent which was convened on several occasions in response to the Protestant Reformation. Menno was one of many who could see with their own eyes that bread remained bread and wine the produce of the grape, though he acknowledged the huge symbolism of these e lements. He was influenced by his readings of Luthers works and came to believe that the Scriptures were more important than any man made laws, even if that man be the pope himself.He could find no evidence for infant baptism in scripture, though others claimed that it was the equivalent of circumcision and meant that the parents would vow to bring up the babe in a Christian home. Yet for some time he continued to baptise babies an example of the confusion that resulted in honest men when radical new ideas were met for the first time. Menno was aware of men death for their faith, while he continued to practise what he no longer really believed. In 1536 he finally resigned as priest and became an Anabaptist, but had to immediately go into hiding for a year, a time which he used to mediate upon the doctrines involved. Eventually he was asked to become leader of the Anabaptists in the Netherlands.In later years he married and formulated a theology that was in many ways orthodox, but did not include practises that were not scriptural. The modern huge denomination of Baptists began with a single congregation in Amstersdam made up of exiled English people. The Baptist soon split into those ( the Arminians) who believed that Christ died for all , and those ( the Calvinists) who believed in salvation only for the elect. In Germany Anabaptists, led by the Dutchman John of Leyden, forcibly took over the running of the town of Muenster, which they did according to what they felt were Christian principles.The changes were not welcomed and anarchy followed, forcing many to flee to Holland. In England the Reformation took a rather different course. Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon in order to marry the younger, and still fertile Anne Boleyn. The Pope refused, but the Archbishop granted the divorce and in 1534 Henry was made supreme soul of the Church by an act of Parliament. There were few to oppose him and so the country broke away(p) from the power of the pope. The monasteries held much of the wealth of the Catholic church in the country and so the monks became seen as enemies of the king. He decided to get rid of them an act now known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries.Wherever there was any sign of corruption such as married monks or pregnant nuns this gave him his excuse. It became a comprehensive scourge starting with the small monasteries and eventually moving to the larger ones. A few leading churchmen were put to death , but most received pensions the Abbot of the huge Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire received 100 a year for life according to Chris Trueman a huge sum at the time. The only real opposition to this sweeping destruction was the Pilgrimage of Grace led by lawyer Robert Aske in 1536. Henry promised to look into the complaints of the many thousands of pilgrims, but nothing was actually done and Aske was starved to death in chains.In some ways there was little immediate change in the church most prayers were still in Latin and priests were still not allowed to marry, unlike the Protestant clergy in other lands. These changes took much longer to come about. We can see from all this that the Reformation was no the result of one mans, or even several mens actions, but came about because of a number of very different factors. It is also diaphanous that though various groups were influenced by others, especially by Luther and Calvin, the resulting manifestations of the Reformed church varied considerably, both in their beliefs and practices. Some of these have persisted and other have been modified with time, but either way there has been no going back to many of the practices of medieval Catholicism.Changes were necessary, but need not have resulted in such splintering and diversity if Catholic church had properly addressed the problems within at the time. Some changes were for stringently religious reasons, others had political overtones and yet others were as a result of m ore personal reasons as in the case of Henry VIII. Between them these changes altered forever the religious political, geographical and even linguistic face of Europe.When the church started out in the first century people had to make a deliberate pick to become Christians, often this meant turning their backs on the faith they had been born to, but as time went on had , for some at least, just become an automatic occurrence your parents were Christian and so you were. With the Reformation once again Faith became something one was no longer born into, but was the result of a personal relationship with God.Bibliography and Works CitedBarraclogh, G. editor The Christian World, New York, Harry N. Abrams Inc. Publishers, 1981 Calvin , J. The Institutes of the Christian Religion published in Latin in1536 and later expanded by him. English, D.et al, editors, The Lion Handbook of Christian Belief, Tring, Hertfordshire, Lion Books, 1988 McNair, P. Seeds of Renewal article in The History o f Christianity, Tring, Hertfordshire, Lion Books, 1977 Electronic Sources Calvin, J. Quotations found 24th May 2007 at http//www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/john_calvin.html Gordon, R. Menno Simons found 25th May 2007 at http//www.cob-net.org/text/history_menno.htm Hooker, R. Zwingli, Ulrich found twenty-third May 2007 at http//www.wsu.edu/dee/REFORM/ZWINGLI.HTM Luther, M. bear on Martin Luther to the Christian Reader, 1545 found 25th May 2007 at http//www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-reader.txt Luther, M. Quotations found 24t5h May 2007 at http//www.quotationspage.com/search.php3?Search=Author=Martin+LutherC=colesC=lindslyC=poorcC=netC=devilsC=contribpage=2 Martin Luther found 25th May 2007 at http//www.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/Luther/Luther.htm Puritanism, definition, found 23rd May 2007 at http//www.answers.com/Puritanism Trueman,C. The Reformation found 25th May 2007 at http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/reformation.htm Schaff, P. Luthers translation of the Bible found 23rd May 2007 at http//www.bible-researcher.com/luther02.html

Kinked Demand Curve Essay

Kinked contain influence EssayCritically examine the proposition that the relative stableness of equipment casualtys in an oligopolistic market is adequately explained by the Kinked-demand wriggle analysis. What other theories have been developed to explain this phenomenon? cosmos 150Oligopolistic Market 400It can be argued that the most important theories of the bulletproof is the opening of oligopoly. in that respect argon few industries within the European Union and the United States of America that are imperfectly and monopolistically hawkish consisting of many tautens. However, the majority of existing industries are oligopolistic where very few firms operate share a self-aggrandizing proportion of the industry (Anderton 2001).Characteristics of firms in the industry areSignificant barriers to entry restricting the entrance of pertly firms into the market. These barriers differ from industry to industry and are similar to those under monopoly.Interdependence between firms. Firms are inversely dependent delinquent to the fact that each firm depart have to take account of others as a result of very few firms operating in the industry. The sales of a rival firm go out be affected by the decision a firm to alter specifications or damages of a product. Prices and specifications whitethorn be changed as a response by rivals. Thus, each firm is affected by the actions of rivals (Sloman and Sutcliffe 2004).Few firms must determine the supply within the industry. An example would be an industry where four firms enkindle 85 per cent of output counterbalance though the industry may consist of 96 littler firms. This type of industry would still be classified as oligopolistic. Even though there are crucial features that distinguish oligopoly from other market structures, differences still exist between firms. Even though firms may be producing virtually homogenous goods, these products are still differentiated as is the case with cars and soap powd ers. practically of the competition between oligopolies relies on elements of a marketing mix rather than solely concentrating on price summarised as the 4 Ps (Anderton 2001).The 4 Ps refer to Products a firms produces which appeals to customers, Price a firms allow set depending on the pricing strategy implemented by the firm, Promotion such as publicize creating awareness to buyers of goods currently on sale and, The Place the good give be distributed make it blue access for customers.To reduce the uncertainty of profits firms may result to collusion enabling them to maximise profits. perfunctory agreements between firms involving collusion are known as cartels. Big penalties are dished out in many European and US industries due to the formation of cartels being outlawed.Kinked Demand CurveA Kinked Demand Curve theory was developed in 1939 of non-collusive oligopoly. This theory is used to explain price stability in an oligopolistic market. The model developed by Paul S weezy, R.L. Hall and C.J. Hitch seeks to explain how prices remain stable even when there is no collusion between oligopolies.An assumption of the Kinked Demand Curve theory is that an oligopolistic firm will face two demand curves as a result of a kink. The point of the kink is the formal market price within the industry. The demand curve comprises of two segments as a result of this kink. The stolon segment relates to the increase in price by a firm resulting in the demand curve being relatively more elastic, whereas, the second segment relates to a firm decreasing its price resulting in a less elastic curve (Webmaster 2009).The theory assumes a change in price by one firm will lead to two asymmetrical reactions. The first being when firm A reduces its price, other firms in the industry will either maintain or cut its prices due to a fear of losing customers or sales to the first firm. The firms agenda to decrease price can be besides represented by jut out 1.2. At the indust ry price Pe, a decrease to price P2 will lead to an output from Qe to Q2 along the inelastic AR=D curve. This will leave the firm making a want in Total Revenue (TR). The advocacy in price stability is due to the shaded blue area representing a loss in TR being greater than the shaded grey area representing a pass in TR. This is mainly down pat(p) to the inelastic demand curve AR=D, where a dowry change in price leads to a relatively smaller responsive change in sum of money demanded. The second being when an oligopolistic firm raises its price, its competitors will not be induced to follow suit, leaving them to gain market share. The firms agenda to increase price can be further represented by Figure 1.3 below. At the industry price Pe, an increase to price P1 will result in an output for the firm from Qe to Q1 along the elastic AR=D demand curve. Due to the shaded blue area representing a loss in TR being greater than the grey area representing a gain in TR, the firm will be trading at a loss. This again encourages price stability for goods in an oligopolistic market. This TR loss is down to a relatively elastic demand curve AR=D, where a percentage change in price leads to a greater responsive change in quantity demanded. The stability in price in an oligopoly market leads to firms trying to obtain a greater share of the market via non-price competition. Game speculation 500Prisoners Dilemma 200Conclusion 150Even though it is clear the Kinked Demand Curve points out there will be price stability in an oligopolistic market, there is no notice of other factors that may fluctuate prices. The Kinked Demand Curve theory does not give any sign as to the reasons why prices are set.Factors included in the 4 Ps are very powerful in an oligopolistic market. Oligopolists will be more inclined to pour supernormal profits into the research and ontogenesis department than that belonging to a monopoly. This will be to aid the value of a product by increasing de sign, improving efficiency or by technological improvements.The place of the product can likewise have an impact on price. An airline company may have unique access to a geographical location of a country enabling the firm to operate almost as if they were a monopoly. Making the product conveniently available for consumers will give the firm strategic advantages that will not be easily copied by competitors (Daniels, Radebaugh Sullivan 2001).Anderton (2001) advocates the need for the Kinked Demand Curve to aknowledge other factors than price. The main assumption of the theory is that firms will always react to other competitors changes in price but in reality the this is not the case.REFERENCESAnderson, A (2001)Depken, Craig 2005, Microeconomics Demystified The McGraw-Hill Companies, EnglandDaniels, Radebaugh Sullivan 2001Sloman, J and M, Sutcliffe (2004)http//tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/monopoly/kinked_demand.htmhttp//www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=kinke d-demand+curvehttp//www.cs-territories.com/cyro//asa2_economics/unit4/moreonoligopoly.htmlDirectory M Articles 2009 http//articles.directorym.com/Kinked_Demand_Theory_Of_Oligopoly_New_York_NY-r1047197-New_York_NY.html