Caribbean History :: Socio-Cultural Areas Culture Islands Essays

Caribbean HistoryI. A Note on Historical MethodologyThe conventional method of studying history consists of a chronological care for. For example, the history of the New World, or in particular the history of the Caribbean seems to originate in 1492, the year Columbus mistakenly landed upon Hispanola. Not pine after(prenominal) the discovery of the New World, the age of European colonialism in the Americas emerges. This condensed version of the first several decades of European influence in the New World ar the greenness diachronic accounts rendered about early Caribbean history. How effective and accurate is this seemingly Eurocentric rendition of Caribbean History? There may not be wizard unique(predicate) right or wrong answer to this inquiry. However, there are alternative methods of unveiling or unmasking a history lesson by hardly get-go in media res (in the middle of things) or even in the array times. This methodology of studying history is indeed a retracting and unmasking process in which bon ton and culture convey the history of a particular country or region as the Caribbean. In order to fully arrive at the intricacies and complexities of Caribbean wiz must scrutinize and in a sense deconstruct the companionable and cultural fibers of the Caribbean.The remnants of colonialism in the Caribbean have created a history manifested in the imaginativeness of society and culture. History in the Caribbean can be unveiled in skin tones and rumbas. The history of the Caribbean lives in architecture as well as quarter perform doors. Thus, in order to learn about the Caribbean, one must unlearn or deviate from the Eurocentric rendition of history in the Caribbean. In the Caribbean, the present (culture and society) tells many truths about the past.II. Methodology in Practice Michelle Cliffs novel Abeng and her essay If I Could Write this in Fire personify the historical process in the Caribbean. Cliffs works portray the images of the political, social, cultural, and economic issues discussed by Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojo. Cliffs literary works depict the coeval social and cultural constructs of Jamaican society. In this process of interpretation and devolution of Michelle Cliffs portraits of Jamaican society the remnants of colonialism truly become apparent. Consequently, Cliffs swear to make sense of the current deplorable conditions of racial inequality has prompted her to look back and as she states in her essayTo try and locate the vanishing heyday where lines of panorama converge and disappear. Lines of color and class.Caribbean History Socio-Cultural Areas Culture Islands EssaysCaribbean HistoryI. A Note on Historical MethodologyThe conventional method of studying history consists of a chronological process. For example, the history of the New World, or in particular the history of the Caribbean seems to originate in 1492, the year Columbus mistakenly landed upon Hispanola. Not long after the discov ery of the New World, the age of European colonialism in the Americas emerges. This condensed version of the first several decades of European influence in the New World are the common historical accounts rendered about early Caribbean history. How effective and accurate is this seemingly Eurocentric rendition of Caribbean History? There may not be one specific right or wrong answer to this inquiry. However, there are alternative methods of unveiling or unmasking a history lesson by simply starting in media res (in the middle of things) or even in the present times. This methodology of studying history is indeed a retracting and unmasking process in which society and culture convey the history of a particular country or region as the Caribbean. In order to fully grasp the intricacies and complexities of Caribbean one must scrutinize and in a sense deconstruct the social and cultural fibers of the Caribbean.The remnants of colonialism in the Caribbean have created a history manifeste d in the imagery of society and culture. History in the Caribbean can be unveiled in skin tones and rumbas. The history of the Caribbean lives in architecture as well as behind church doors. Thus, in order to learn about the Caribbean, one must unlearn or deviate from the Eurocentric rendition of history in the Caribbean. In the Caribbean, the present (culture and society) tells many truths about the past.II. Methodology in Practice Michelle Cliffs novel Abeng and her essay If I Could Write this in Fire personify the historical process in the Caribbean. Cliffs works portray the images of the political, social, cultural, and economic issues discussed by Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojo. Cliffs literary works depict the contemporary social and cultural constructs of Jamaican society. In this process of interpretation and devolution of Michelle Cliffs portraits of Jamaican society the remnants of colonialism truly become apparent. Consequently, Cliffs desire to make sense of the c urrent deplorable conditions of racial inequality has prompted her to look back and as she states in her essayTo try and locate the vanishing point where lines of perspective converge and disappear. Lines of color and class.

Existentialists: I Am Me, And You Are You :: essays research papers

Existentialists I Am Me, and You Are YouExistentialists view mankind as individuals whose unequaled previous(prenominal)experiences form personal characteristics that set all of us apart. Thisidea can be best expressed in an intuitive statement by a storiedindividualist, Tarzan. Me Tarzan, you Jane is at the nucleus of the public opinionsof the empirical atom. This seemingly simplistic statement relates toexistentialism by leading us to the idea of mans individualism, guiding us to doctrine of human race before essence and ushering us to the nonion of freedom ofchoice. These three beliefs can then be related to the characters in theexistential writer Jean-Paul Sartres No Exit.At first reading of this statement, one notices Tarzans word choice. Me Tarzan, you Jane implies that Tarzan and Jane are not one and the same.Instead, they are two variant people who lead very(prenominal) different lives. Tarzan,the impersonator Man, is by nature different than his newfound lady fri end.Existentialists would further this train of thought to say that since people arealways different, they can never be the same. They would then argue that everyperson is an individual, not a copy from a predetermined mold. Jean-Paul Sartrealso portrays his characters as individuals, not carbon copies of severally other.Garcin, a soldier who went AWOL, certainly lived a different life than the baby-killer Estelle.These individualistic qualities lead to us by Tarzans statement, nowguide us to the existential belief of existence before essence. This ideaconsists of the belief that people are formed from their own unique pastexperiences. Tarzan, a lonely boy who was raised by a pack of gorillas, has not see the touch of mankind. His isolation from the world is completelyopposite from that of Janes past. Jane, a women raised in the indulgence ofthe modern-day day, has experienced many unique events that have made her what sheis. Jane can never know what is like to be Tarzan because she can neverexperience what he has bypast through. Likewise, Tarzan, the imitator Man, can neverexperience what it is like to be Jane because he can never live through theunique events of Janes past. Sartre also gives us characters with very uniquebackgrounds. Garcin can never experience the troubled past that Inez had andInez in turn can never understand why Garcin needs to be told he is not a coward.After now understanding that existentialists view people as individualswho have unique past experiences that make them who they are, existentialistswould now usher us to the whim of each characters freedom of choice.Existentialists I Am Me, And You Are You essays research papers Existentialists I Am Me, and You Are YouExistentialists view mankind as individuals whose unique pastexperiences establish personal characteristics that set all of us apart. Thisidea can be best expressed in an intuitive statement by a celebratedindividualist, Tarzan. Me Tarzan, you Jane is at the nucleu s of the beliefsof the existential atom. This seemingly simplistic statement relates toexistentialism by leading us to the idea of mans individualism, guiding us tobelief of existence before essence and ushering us to the notion of freedom ofchoice. These three beliefs can then be related to the characters in theexistential writer Jean-Paul Sartres No Exit.At first reading of this statement, one notices Tarzans word choice. Me Tarzan, you Jane implies that Tarzan and Jane are not one and the same.Instead, they are two different people who lead very different lives. Tarzan,the Ape Man, is by nature different than his newfound lady friend.Existentialists would further this train of thought to say that since people arealways different, they can never be the same. They would then argue that everyperson is an individual, not a copy from a predetermined mold. Jean-Paul Sartrealso portrays his characters as individuals, not carbon copies of each other.Garcin, a soldier who went AWOL, certa inly lived a different life than the baby-killer Estelle.These individualistic qualities lead to us by Tarzans statement, nowguide us to the existential belief of existence before essence. This ideaconsists of the belief that people are formed from their own unique pastexperiences. Tarzan, a lonely boy who was raised by a pack of gorillas, has notexperienced the touch of mankind. His isolation from the world is completelyopposite from that of Janes past. Jane, a women raised in the indulgence ofthe modern day, has experienced many unique events that have made her what sheis. Jane can never know what is like to be Tarzan because she can neverexperience what he has gone through. Likewise, Tarzan, the Ape Man, can neverexperience what it is like to be Jane because he can never live through theunique events of Janes past. Sartre also gives us characters with very uniquebackgrounds. Garcin can never experience the troubled past that Inez had andInez in turn can never understand why Garci n needs to be told he is not a coward.After now understanding that existentialists view people as individualswho have unique past experiences that make them who they are, existentialistswould now usher us to the notion of each characters freedom of choice.

Rachel Carson :: essays research papers

Area of Work. A marine biologist, writer, and an expositor of protecting the environment for the future, Rachel wrote many articles and three moving books about the sea, and a final book, Silent Spring, for which she is remembered. She was non by nature a crusader, but when aerial spraying of DDT killed the birds in a friends bird sanctuary, she began to study the pay back up of pesticides on the chains of life. Silent Spring provides an authentic and chilling warning that the chemicals we use in pesticides can create greater problems than they intended to solve. Rachel warned that if we do not learn to respect nature we might face a spring when no bird songs could be heard.      Education. At the Pennsylvania College For Women, a required college lam in biology made Rachel change here assumptions about her career. She majored in zoology, and after graduating with honors, she received a scholarship from Johns Hopkins, where she got a Masters Degree in genetic s in 1932.     Challenges. Rachel first broke barriers as a women. She took her first job with the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. In 1936 she became the first women to pass the civil service exam. all over the next fifteen years she rose in the ranks until she was the editor of all publications for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.      After resigning from government service, she wrote best selling books. Silent Spring set off a national controversy and made her the subject of attack by the pesticide industriousness. She challenged DDT, whose inventor had received a Nobel prize After reading the book, chairman Kennedy called for seeing of the chemicals mentioned in the book.      Her Work Background. Her years at U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service coincided with World War II experimentation with deadly chemicals. Insects were used to test these agents. Powerful pesticides were a byproduct of the tests. Rachel was the first on e to see the dangerous effects of introducing these deadly agents into our food chain.     Achievements. Rachel set off the controversy between environmentalists and the pesticide industry that is still raging. Silent Spring warns that for "the first time in the history of the World every human being is now subjected to contact with dangerous chemicals from the split second of our conception until death." Rachel came to be regarded as the mother of the modern environmental movement. "The environment" and "ecology" have since become household words.

Homers Odyssey and Dr. Seuss’ Youre Only Old Once Essay -- Odyssey e

Homers Odyssey and Dr. Seuss Youre Only Old Once What animal walks on all fours in the morning, on two legs at noon, and on three legs at night? The famous riddle of the sphinx that has been pondered for many another(prenominal) years it is a universal issue that affects all people of every nationality, ethnicity, religion, or geographic area. We, ourselves, are the answer to this puzzle and yet we fight this explanation with every tool possible. We avoid it, refuse to admit it, read about it, facetiousness about it, and deep down we often dread growing old. We know that this is an issue in every time period and is addressed by many writers. Growing old does not change, but each get along has its own way of dealing with the old. This paper specifically looks at Homers Odyssey and all the portrayals of old maturate in this epic poem. I ordain also look at Youre Only Old Once, by Dr. Seuss as a modern example, even though humorous, of old age. Homers Odyssey is a text that inf orms us about many components of the ancient world. We can look to this epic poem as a resource on relationships, attitudes, and actions of ancient Greece and the surrounding area. It represents all the values, customs, and feelings that this culture honored. The specific way we will look at this ancient writing is through the study of gerontology the adjacent questions might be asked. What was the attitude towards agedness and the elderly? How was aging represented in this work? Finally, how is aging viewed by different genders, classes, and age groups? Old age is seen through out the poem, and is represented in many different ways. The first time old age is addressed is when Athena comes into the house of Odysseus to see the environs the suitors have created. Th... ...om, where they inform him of all the pills he must take. The catch is that he can not leave until he can repeat al the instructions. This brings up another factor, and that is the social class issue. Some of th e older characters are in the lower class, which tend to increase the level of tease. Homer has different characters like the suitors insult others because of their class and age. Dr. Seuss has the doctors ask about the old mans financial state more than once and ask him to sign for all the bills. So in conclusion attitudes towards aging has not really changed through the ages. We all want to grow old gracefully and live to a ripe old age. Maybe someday we will beat that sphinxs Works Cited Homer. 1989. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York Vintage Classics. Dr. Seuss. 1986. Youre Only Old Once. New York Random House.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: essay papers

Animal FarmQuestion Write the importance in the take for Animal Farm of Squealer.Sly, greedy, crafty, these atomic number 18 just a a couple of(prenominal) characteristics that describeSquealer. Squealer is also a messenger, an actor, a ingratiatoryspeaker, a follower, and a liar. Hes nimble, hes clever, hesmanipulative and most of on the whole hes sneaky. Squealer uses hisintelligence to persuade the other animals into doing what pilewants, when they dont really want to do it. He uses his craftinessand cunning to deceive the animals into thinking that he is on theirside and that hes doing all he tush to help them. His acting mightcan mislead the animals into thinking that hes one of their closestfriends and that he can be trusted with all their secrets. Squealersslick style makes him an of import character in the book AnimalFarm. Squealer is first introduced in chapter 2, and he commits hisfirst deed in chapter 3. This deed is an precedent of Squealerspersuasive s peaking. Snowball and all the other pigs decided thatSquealer should tell all the other animals that all the windfall appleswould be collected and wear outn to the pigs. The pigs also treasured extramilk to be mixed in with their mash. Squealer explains to the otheranimals that the pigs are pickings the apples and milk merly for theirhealth. He uses this excuse to persuade the animals into thinking thatthey should accomplish them the extra food and drink. He says to themComrades You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this inselfishness and right? He then goes on to say Milk and apples(this has been turn out by science, comrades) contain substancesabsolutely necessary to the wellbeing of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers, the fundamental law of the farm totally depends on us. Squealersays that the pigs are taking the apple s and milk in the good of theother animals because, he says that Jones willing come back if theydont. This immediately makes the animal s want to give the extras tothe pigs. Squealer uses this fear of Jones coming back as one of hismain arguments. Another example of Squealers persuasive talent is inchapter 5. This is where Napoleon drives Snowball rack up the farm usinghis dogs. Napoleon asks Squealer to go round the farm and explain tothe others the invigorated arrangements. Squealers main objectives in thisspeech is to give good reasons wherefore Napoleon drove Snowball out, to putAnimal Farm, by George Orwell essay papersAnimal FarmQuestion Write the importance in the book Animal Farm of Squealer.Sly, greedy, crafty, these are just a few characteristics that describeSquealer. Squealer is also a messenger, an actor, a persuasivespeaker, a follower, and a liar. Hes nimble, hes clever, hesmanipulative and most of all hes sneaky. Squealer uses hisintelligence to persuade the other animals into doing what Napoleonwants, when they dont really want to do it. He uses his craftinessand cunning to deceive t he animals into thinking that he is on theirside and that hes doing all he can to help them. His acting abilitycan mislead the animals into thinking that hes one of their closestfriends and that he can be trusted with all their secrets. Squealersslick style makes him an important character in the book AnimalFarm. Squealer is first introduced in chapter 2, and he commits hisfirst deed in chapter 3. This deed is an example of Squealerspersuasive speaking. Snowball and all the other pigs decided thatSquealer should tell all the other animals that all the windfall appleswould be collected and given to the pigs. The pigs also wanted extramilk to be mixed in with their mash. Squealer explains to the otheranimals that the pigs are taking the apples and milk merly for theirhealth. He uses this excuse to persuade the animals into thinking thatthey should give them the extra food and drink. He says to themComrades You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this inselfishness and privilege? He then goes on to say Milk and apples(this has been proved by science, comrades) contain substancesabsolutely necessary to the wellbeing of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers, the organisation of the farm totally depends on us. Squealersays that the pigs are taking the apple s and milk in the good of theother animals because, he says that Jones will come back if theydont. This immediately makes the animals want to give the extras tothe pigs. Squealer uses this fear of Jones coming back as one of hismain arguments. Another example of Squealers persuasive talent is inchapter 5. This is where Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm usinghis dogs. Napoleon asks Squealer to go round the farm and explain tothe others the new arrangements. Squealers main objectives in thisspeech is to give good reasons why Napoleon drove Snowball out, to put

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: essay papers

Animal make interrogative Write the importance in the book Animal do work of slob.Sly, greedy, crafty, these are just a few characteristics that describe pig. Squealer is also a messenger, an actor, a persuasivespeaker, a follower, and a liar. Hes nimble, hes clever, hesmanipulative and most of all hes sneaky. Squealer uses hisintelligence to persuade the other animals into doing what Napoleonwants, when they dont really want to do it. He uses his craftinessand cunning to deceive the animals into thinking that he is on theirside and that hes doing all he can to help them. His acting abilitycan mislead the animals into thinking that hes one of their closestfriends and that he can be bank with all their secrets. Squealersslick style makes him an important character in the book AnimalFarm. Squealer is first introduced in chapter 2, and he commits hisfirst act in chapter 3. This deed is an example of Squealerspersuasive speaking. Snowball and all the other pigs decided that Squealer should tell all the other animals that all the windfall appleswould be collected and given to the pigs. The pigs also wanted extramilk to be mixed in with their mash. Squealer explains to the otheranimals that the pigs are taking the apples and milk merly for theirhealth. He uses this excuse to persuade the animals into thinking thatthey should give them the extra food and drink. He says to themComrades You do non imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this inselfishness and privilege? He and then goes on to say Milk and apples(this has been proved by science, comrades) contain substancesabsolutely necessary to the public assistance of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers, the organisation of the farm alone depends on us. Squealersays that the pigs are taking the apple s and milk in the good of theother animals because, he says that Jones will come guts if theydont. This immediately makes the animals want to give the extras tothe pigs. Squealer uses this fear of Jones coming back as one of hismain arguments. Another example of Squealers persuasive gift is inchapter 5. This is where Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm usinghis dogs. Napoleon asks Squealer to go round the farm and explain tothe others the new arrangements. Squealers main objectives in thisspeech is to give good reasons why Napoleon drove Snowball out, to putAnimal Farm, by George Orwell essay papersAnimal FarmQuestion Write the importance in the book Animal Farm of Squealer.Sly, greedy, crafty, these are just a few characteristics that describeSquealer. Squealer is also a messenger, an actor, a persuasivespeaker, a follower, and a liar. Hes nimble, hes clever, hesmanipulative and most of all hes sneaky. Squealer uses hisintelligence to persuade the other animals into doing what Napoleonwants, when they dont really want to do it. He uses his craftinessand cunning to deceive the animals into thinking that he is on theirside and that hes doing all he can to help them. His acting abilitycan mislead the animals into thinking that hes one of their closestfriends and that he can be trusted with all their secrets. Squealersslick style makes him an important character in the book AnimalFarm. Squealer is first introduced in chapter 2, and he commits hisfirst deed in chapter 3. This deed is an example of Squealerspersuasive speaking. Snowball and all the other pigs decided thatSquealer should tell all the other animals that all the windfall appleswould be collected and given to the pigs. The pigs also wanted extramilk to be mixed in with their mash. Squealer explains to the otheranimals that the pigs are taking the apples and milk merly for theirhealth. He uses this excuse to persuade the animals into thinking thatthey should give them the extra food and drink. He says to themComrades You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this inselfishness and privilege? He then goes on to say Milk and apples(this has been proved by science , comrades) contain substancesabsolutely necessary to the wellbeing of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers, the organisation of the farm totally depends on us. Squealersays that the pigs are taking the apple s and milk in the good of theother animals because, he says that Jones will come back if theydont. This immediately makes the animals want to give the extras tothe pigs. Squealer uses this fear of Jones coming back as one of hismain arguments. Another example of Squealers persuasive talent is inchapter 5. This is where Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm usinghis dogs. Napoleon asks Squealer to go round the farm and explain tothe others the new arrangements. Squealers main objectives in thisspeech is to give good reasons why Napoleon drove Snowball out, to put

During, and after World War Two Essay

In the era preceding, during, and after World state of war Two, documentaries and real-life depictions about the war, veterans, patriotism, post-war traumaetc., exploded on the home front. John Hustons Let there Be Light and Frank Capras Prelude To warfare are both documentary take ups about World War Two, however sprouted for very divergent purposes and in very different angles. This paper will attempt to explore and compare the differences of both wartime documentaries, and evaluate the forte of their balance between artifice and authenticity.Hustons 1946 film Let in that respect Be Light was filmed with the intent to document the treatment and rehabilitation of psychologically damaged World War Two veterans. However, due to the explicit images of stumbling, shell-shocked soldiers, the United States War Department forbade civilian circulation on grounds that the film was demoralizing and prejudicial to military participants.While Huston battled US officials for permission to release Let There Be Light, Capras film Prelude To War was paid for by the g overnment. This 1942 documentary was a powerful propaganda piece which chronicled the events leading up to World War Two, including the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy, and the Japanese attack on China. The film was think to stir up support for the war effort.Let There Be Light conveys a range of viewpoints and purposes 1) To create a sympathetic documentary on the recovery of the psycho-neurotic soldier which would educate civilians to accommodate and accept them into society. 2) To depict post-war conditions which were more horrific than the battlefield. 3) To demonstrate that neurotic problems could be successfully treated, but at the same(p) time the audience is left to ponder the fate of those patients who did not recover.Huston brought his cameras to Mason General mental hospital in Long Island, where the patients interactions with the psychiatrists were recorded and filmed. Huge 35 mm cameras and sound recording equipment were permanently set up accompanied by a large crew of technicians. Opening statements makeclear of Hustons intention of being a trading floorteller No scenes were staged. The only direction was tactical. Where do you put your cameras? Then how to tell the story? Or how to let the story tell itself? I didnt impose anything. The stories were sufficient.A ship branded by a large Red Cross streams into the opening scene of the film. Narrating the film is Walter Huston, Johns father. Curious men glance out toward the hopes of the shores. Nurses and male attendants fill the decks, and as patients struggle to disembark, they watch their heavy shadows move across the view of the ship. The cameras track their anguished souls, their fearful hearts, and some lost faith in humanity. Here are men who tremble men who cannot sleep men with melody that are nonetheless real because they are of a mental origin. Men who cannot remember paralyzed men, whose paralysis i s dictated by the mind. . . The psychiatrists listen to the stories of the men, who tell them as best they can. Through all the stories runs one thread death, and the fear of death.These fears were evident in the mens testimonies and in their eyes. One man was even paralyzed by fear, literally, which impaired his ability to walk. The treatment was an injection of sodium amytol to stimulate a state similar to hypnosis which allowed the patient to explore his fears on free terrains. In a captivating scene, the doctor told him to walk over to the nurse, all by yourself. Thats a boy. Youre expert a little woozy, but thats the medicine. Now come back to me. Open your eyes. Thats a boy. Now isnt that wonderful? The young man, amazed and overjoyed, walked. Huston used flashbacks at the end of the film to bare a shark contrast between the weak, battered faces and the same men who looked happy and healthy. An extraordinary transformation took place and they were put back on their legs agai n- which was a wonder and a miracle.In compare to the sensitive filming production and the soft glow of peaceful sentiment from Hustons Let There Be Light, Capras Prelude to War was distinctly more dynamic, aggressive, and propaganda-like, in which the purpose was noticeably clear 1) To depict Japan, Germany, and Italy as nations taken over by evil political leadership. 2) To depict Americans as apeople leading the world to justice and infuse a sense of patriotism. 3) To drum up war effort support.Through stirring music, forceful editing, and scenes of the Japanese, Germans, Italians ignorantly cheering for their respective political and military leaders, the film left one feeling grand patriotic pride. The film featured some women sewing silently but voluntarily, and other women assisting in other areas of work. These scenes were empowering, and they make the statement that it is everybodys war, not just the soldiers.Benito Mussolini gesticulating on a balcony in Rome, Hitler hai ling hate and racial divide, and the Japanese military taking over political powerthese sequences were compelling because they were a contrasted concept to the American people who abhor dictatorship, adore freedom, and enjoy peace. This film also allowed the concept of fighting for world peace to prevail, even though passivism was a popular ideology at the time. The documentary also featured a street poll of whether Americans should enter war. The woman at the window who cold-heartedly screamed no, and shut her windows was juxtaposed against warm, patriotic people who explained the need to fight for justice.Comparing both World War Two films and its balance between artifice and authenticity, Let There Be Light is conspicuously more authentic than artificial, while Prelude To War leave some skeptics doubtful with government war propaganda. To put them in distinctive categories, Hustons film exudes a feminine glow which radiates post-war genuine realism, a soft sense of rehabilitat ion, and a maternal sense of nursing. Capras documentary is in contrast much more masculine with its strong messages and forceful sequences. It emits a warrior-like attitude that exhibits qualities of invincible strength, responsibility, and an unassailable fighting spirit.Although Prelude To War features many authentic scenes, there is very little room for those to expand its impact due to its propaganda nature. Let There Be Light is in comparison very real as all anglesthe battered,the recovered, the fear, and the braveare all shown.

Cross-cultural communication, Essay

The purpose of this essay is to use reboundion on an aspect of my development that I support come a rape so far as a student apply, and how I political platform to use this roll in the hayledge when I buy the farm my placements. This ordain give me a good base on which to build my interpersonal skills. After having a brief introduction on various religions, it brought to my assist the diversity in multi ethnical societies and how, as a take hold I need a good intellect of manipulation and communication barriers that I solelyow for come across.The United Kingdom (UK) has welcomed a mixture of ethnic groups, each bringing with their own culture, with their own language. Multiculturalism is an ideology that promotes the institutionalism of communities containing multiple cultures. I make water interpreted it upon myself to find forbidden information to gain more familiarity on disparate religions, values and beliefs, and the different aspects of complaint this relates to. This will past enable me to fend for longanimouss and their families more efficiently, effectively and in a patient role centred soldieryor.In terms of using reflection throughout this essay, I Plan to use Gibbs Reflective beat (Gibbs 1988). This will help with structural preferences. I will similarly be reflecting individually on some of the knowledge I gained. Reflection aims to bridge the fracture between theory and practice to show the interrelation of skills and knowledge. Reflection relates to me as a student care for as suggested by Hargreaves (1997 pp.04) that reflective practice is often included in professional education programs as a counseling of encouraging practitioners to critically evaluate their behaviour, beliefs and ideas on practice. She states that this will lead to improve clinical expertise and, consequently, improve nursing care.DescriptionThe first Lecture I received on Religion was an Introduction to the chaplaincy team. They provide eldrit ch guidance for bothone needing advice, courage and hold peeing. Wittenburg-Lyles E, (2008) explains that The Chaplaincy team are able to provide visits to local places. This lecture increased my awareness of faith and moral issues. During my placements, I will comeacross many different cultures and religions. This is when I realised I needed to do a lot of inquiry into different faiths to enable me to support my patients and their beliefs. I was given an example that I may come across. Some religious belief in praying on their knees, if a patient for some causal agent needed to support their leg amputated, this would then effect a certain aspect of their life. Therefore I would need to support them in a way that they could still meet there religious needs. I will reflect on this in practice by widening my knowledge on different religions.Next, we explored Morals, Values and beliefs here I learnt about the responsibilities I will remove as a nurse, for example, how to respect patients dignity and privacy (Baillie, 2011). I cook an understanding that each individual is unique. I will reflect on this in practice by treating each patient as an individual. regardless of their race, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs or political beliefs.Thirdly in an impudently(prenominal) lecture, I was introduced to ii service users and cultural perspectives in health care. A Buddhist from the Chaplaincy service came in to the university. I found it very interesting finding out some Buddhisms beliefs. For an example, death is inevitable and Buddhists similar to prepare for death when meditating. Budas also like to carry a small Buda, picture of a Buda or beads for chanting to re subdivision their teacher. We then had a talk about Christianity from a Catholic Farther. I learnt that there will be dietary requirements inside Christianity, as some Christians will only if eat fish on a Friday, no meat.They also like to carry o n them a symbol of Christianity. That may be beads, holy water or a wooden cross. Christians do not like to be overly exposed during personal care needs. This has now widened my knowledge on twain different religions. I shall reflect on this by taking the knowledge I have gained into practice, for when I come across patients with these beliefs. As a nurse sometimes there will be conflict when it comes to religions of employees but you must not to be judgemental, (Nursing and Midwifery council (NMC), 2010). Be gain of being a nurse, this is mainly due to transmittal control. Some staff maybe asked to remove clothing or jewellery, which could be against their religiousbeliefs, although head wear is now allowed for nursing and doctors. Some would argue this is discrimination, as some can get away with it. I think this is a typical example of how religious beliefs can also affect staff as well as patients and relatives. NMC (2010) states that as a nurse I may recognise diversity and r espect with cultural differences, values and beliefs of others including the people you care for and other constituents of staff.FeelingsI feel the lectures I attended were very interesting, it was not until this point that I realised it would be a very interesting topic to reflect upon and learn more about. Both the Buddhist and the Christian, were very helpful when anyone wanted to know anything, they both leased with the class at the start of their lecture by making a plan of what, we as a class wanted to cover throughout the duration of the lecture. I do feel that I held covert too much when it came to questions at the end and could have asked some more questions myself, all though others asked similar questions to what I was thinking.The information I gained during these three lectures has been useful. and I felt as if I still needed to widen my knowledge further by doing some research. I believe the first tonicity is to be self aware of my own cultural beliefs. Being self aware is crucial as will identify any prejudices or attitudes that could be making a barrier in front of good communication, best practice and patient advocacy. Festini F (2009) comments that, Effective communication is the main aspect of delivering culturally adapted care. This is where I needed to reflect upon myself by feelinging into the Johari Window and the four Quadrants. Being self aware is a two way process. If we do not know who we are, we dont know how we appear to others. This made me realise I need to become more confident in myself when request questions in front of my group. This will take time with feeling comfortable.EvaluationThroughout my learnedness on this topic so far, it has been very useful to visualise where my knowledge is leave outing. I know need to research further into this topic. It has given me the incentive to widen my knowledge. These lectures on religion have been an eye opener. I have realised there is so much complexity in relation to region and different faiths that as a nurse, I will need to know about. Previously I would have had no knowledge on this. I will improve on this by using a range of research ideas to gain knowledge which will then increase efficiency, I will continue to reflect on this area in order to develop as a nurse.AnalysisIt was at this point I realised that although the information that I have gained so far has been more than useful, it did not answer all my questions. As I still need some more guidance on what to do in situations I may come across when out in practice, whether this may be communication or treatment barrier issues.Morals are influenced by cultural values, beliefs and religion, not only by the faithfulness (Griffith and Tengnah, 2010). Morals values and beliefs and assumptions influence healthcare. I understand that cultural and language barriers can complicate situations. As a professional I must have the ability to interact effectively with clients and other professionals. Durin g social interaction, I believe that nurses should avoid stereotyping when caring for patients from different cultures, suggested by Alexis, (2011).I have come cross a few patients from different religions with their own languages whilst I have been working in care. When communicating with a patient that does not speak English as their first language, care can be compromised if effective communication is not utilize. When explaining something to the patient, there needs to be a balance between using simple sentences without being patronising. For example I would ask do you hurt anywhere, or are you in any pain? Instead of saying, are you in any discomfort? I would encourage staff not to use as many checkup terms, I understand this may otherwise be perplexing and distressing for the patient. I would only ask one question at a time to avoid overwhelming the individual. When asking patients these questions, I must also understand a patients cultural perceptions and experiences rega rding pain (Magnusson, 2011). I can reflect on this when I go into practice by involving theircultural perceptions when decision making on pain relief.I think sometimes a quiet time is a good time to access your patients communication skills. I would then have more time to look at their non-verbal clues, posture, facial expressions, is there any eye contact apply or maybe there are signs of anxiety. When situations arise around communication barriers I work with other members of staff, the patients relatives and different members of the multidisciplinary team so that I can find out the best slipway possible to pass with them, and any particular activities of daily living or rituals (Roper, Logan and Tierney, 1998), that are authoritative and relevant to their cultural needs. In some of my findings, I came across some good examples of how there could be a barrier between you and your patient in terms of personal care. I found that some patients do not feel comfortable if they are being touched by the opposite sex.Others nauseate their heads being uncovered, they must keep it covered with clothing for modesty. These views come mainly from Jewish and Islamic religions. I found it very interesting to know that two different religions may not like a certain part of care to be carried out but for two completely different reasons. Asiatic Americans do not like any touching of the head as their view is that it is impolite, as they believe that their spirit resides there. I found out that in some cases all you need to do is ask for permission. This reflects back to good communication skills.I consider the main objective of communication between the nurse and patients is that messages are understood accurately. My research told me that most health agencies have access to medical interpreters for major languages. There is usually a member of the family that maybe helpful by speaking English, but they are not as reliable as interpreters, explained by, Griffith, (2009 ). Another reason why not to use a family member as an interpreter is that they might only translate the bits that they want the patient to hear and not the full story. I understand that if there is a family member interpreter or a professional interpreter, the potential for misunderstanding can increase. I found the information from Ting Toomey (1999) very interesting for this. She describes three ways that culture can interfere with effective cross cultural understanding. These being,Cognitive constraints, Behaviour constraints and Emotional constraints.I believe that it is crucial that all staff should enumeration the specific communication skills that are needed with each individual patient and the patients response. As suggested by Festini, (2011). Weather this be in the medical record or a care plan. In my past experiences it is also crucial that these affective communication skills are past on through handovers, which increases the opportunity for successful staff-patient i nteractions, (Randell, 2011). I plan to take my ideas and past experiences into practice with me. As I feel it works brilliantly and is effective in terms of shock patients, beliefs and preferences. I am also aware that each placement I go to may have a different way of doing things. I look forward to gaining new knowledge that may better my communication skills for people with cultural preferences.It is also essential to remember privacy when assessing a patient from a different culture. A quiet setting is always best, most importantly somewhere where you will not be disturbed. This is where I would utilise my background knowledge into different religions, and use different strategies with in my knowledge. For example, some religions do not like direct eye contact. I read more into this when I wheel spoke to some of the students in my class, as some of them are from different cultures. One from Zimbabwe explained to me that in Zimbabwe they only look people into the eye when they are looking for a fight or trouble.He also explained how he had to change his perception of others looking at him when he moved to the UK as every English man he came across looked into his eyes, this at first was scary for him, but he is now okay with it. This has brought to my attention that although this cannot be avoided, I as a nurse should still be respectful to their beliefs and consider the patients preferences. I also researched some of the decisions that patients make in connection to religious beliefs regarding treatment. practice of law can be used to challenge the decisions a parent or next of kin (NOK) decides but this usually only happens when the treatment is life saving.The NOK or the patient themselves need to be able to make an informed decision in order to give consent or pooh-pooh treatment. I am aware that some religions refuse certain life saving treatments, and understand my spot as a nurse is to advocate in my patients best interest, inform the patient o r NOK of treatment options and consequences of refusing treatment. Emergency situations will not arise everyday in my nurse training or career, but I have more knowledge of my role should I be faced with this type of situation.Where religion may sway a patients decision all other options for treatment should be considered (Haan, 2005). As a nurse, it is my job to en accredited my patient has an advocate, alternatives, and support to understand consequences of treatments and what will happen if they refuse.ConclusionInitially I was unsure of which area of my learning I should reflect upon. After having worked in care previously, I felt looking into religion would not only be something good to reflect on but something interesting I could also learn upon. After everything I have learnt within this topic so far, I have gained a new perspective on religions, morals and beliefs. .I wasnt sure whether I was going to use a reflective model because I wasnt sure if it was going to be appropri ate as it is very structured. Once I had started to educate myself on a Multicultural Society and throughout planning my notes I began to realise how helpful it was to have a structure, I was able to structure my notes into different sections which proved to be very useful.Throughout writing my essay I have learnt to have a lot more belief in myself and the ability I have in writing an essay. But I have been able to identify my lack of knowledge on religion and culture. I think social issues will arise when staff members have a lack of understanding and knowledge of different religious beliefs, other than their own. This gave me the incentive to learn and research more to gain a better understanding, and widen my knowledge. Therefore I will be able to educate other nurses. I belief I could still now, expand on this knowledge further and I plan to do this throughout my time as a student and in my future career.Action PlanMy action plan will include and give a method of reviewing eve rything that I have learnt from past experiences and research, thereby using reflective thinking. I will be apply the knowledge I have Learnt and encompass this in practice as a student nurse and also a registered nurse, which will help me become a safe and competent practitioner. If I was to come across a patient with specific religious beliefs I feel I could support them as well as their family by, not only by ensuring I provide good holistic care but also allowing them to maintain a good link with their religious beliefs.If I was to come across a patient that I could not talk to, I would use past experiences by using models and pictures which to a degree would be a great help. This would help the patients to identify their treatment procedures or help me to identify their needs. I understand that some patients I meet may have a family member that may make the decisions as their next of kin, or medical power of attorney. I believe I would also need to communicate well with the fam ily member. I would take into consideration maybe a spiritual advisor, not just painkillers as a healer. In some peoples eyes, their god or spiritual leader is their way of healing.If in my career I come across a child patient for example in A&E, which had a religion barrier in the way of treatment. I would have to support certain legislations to ensure the refusing of medical treatment did not cause death, if parents deny this I would have to involve other professionals.From my findings I now have good cross cultural communications skills, this can enhance my nursing. I could build the patients confidence in situations I may come across. By being aware and alert I feel I could improve the patients safety and wellbeing by minimising any cultural differences. I will enable my patients to continue with their religious practice whilst in a health care setting. Word Count 3004ReferencesAlexis, O. 2011. Health and cultural sensitivity in a diversifying society.British journal of healthca re assistants , 5 (6), p.297.Baillie, L. 2011. Respecting dignity in care in diverse care settings strategies of UK nurses. International Journal of nursing practice. 17 (4) p.336.Festini, F., 2009. Providing transcultural to children and parents an exploratory study from Italy. Journal of nursing scholarship, 41 (2), pp.220-7.Forrest, M.E.S., 2011. On bonnie a critically reflective practitioner, Health information and libraries journal, online unattached at onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2008.00787.x/full Accessed 01 may 2012.Griffith, J.K., 2004. The religious aspects of nursing care. 4th ed. UBC School of Nursing.Griffith, R. and Tengnah, C., 2010. Law and professional issues in nursing. 2nd ed. Cornwall Learning matters Ltd.Haan, J., 2005. A Jehovahs witness with complex abdominal trauma and coagulopathy use of factor VII and a review to the literature. American Surgeon, 71 (5), pp. 414-5.Hargreaves, J., 2002. Reflecting on your expert practice. Nursing Times Net. online28 February. http//www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/reflecting-on-your-expert-practice. 29 April 2012.Logan, Rogan, Tierney., 2000. The Roper, Logan and Tierney (1996) Model perceptions and operationalization of the model in psychiatric nursing with in a health board in Ireland. Jan Journal of advanced nursing, 31 (6). Pp.1333-1341.Magnusson, JE., 2011. Understanding the role of culture in pain maori practitioner perspectives relation to the experience of pain. forward-looking Zealand medical journal. 124 (1328), pp.41-51.Randell, R., 2011. The importance of the verbal shift handover report a multi-site case study. International Journal of medical informatics, 80 (11), pp. 803-12.Wittenberg-lyles, E., 2008. Communication dynamics in hospice teams, understanding the role of the chaplain in interdisciplinary team collaboration. Journal of palliative medicine, 11 (10), p.336.International online training program on intractable conflict, 1999. Cultura l barriers to effective communication. online Available at www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/problem/cultrbar. htm Accessed 10 April 2012)Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010. Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwifes, London NMC

Allelopathic Effect of S. Macrophylla on the Growth of V. Radiata Seedlings

Allelopathic effect of S. macrophylla on the harvest-time of V. radiata seedlings Thea Philea I. Mostralesa, Greeny Joy A. Perucho, Rhoshela Vi C. Rendon, John Gregor A. Rono, Emmerson P. Rullog, Riffcord R-Denz M. Tabula Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City (a Thea Philea I. Mostrales, e-mail theaphilea. emailprotected com) ABSTRACT Swietenia macrophylla, or commonly cognise as the mahogany tree diagram in the Philippines, is an introduced species of the family Meliaceae that is commonly used for lumber and reforestation projects.However, establish on studies, it is shown that the mahogany tree has inhibitory effects that make a motion adjacent growing plants. This is made possible chemically and is referred to generally as allelopathy. This study aimed to determine is S. macrophylla had any adverse effects to the harvest-tide of plants in destination proximity to it. The researchers selected three mahogany trees and set six plots of differeing distances with each plot containing ten monggo seedlings.The results obtained indicate that there is no material difference between the outgrowth of monggo seedlings growing near the mahogany tree to that of monggo seedling growing near the control tree based on the analysis done on the seedlings height, weight and choice rate. Results also indicate that distance of the seedlings from the S. macrophylla has no effect on the intensity of inhibition of the growth of the V. radiata.The results obtained can be attributed to factors that include the texture of soil, fine-textures soil having been turn up to acquire a greater retention capacity of allelochemicals than coarse-textures soils. Also, allelopathic interactions include both promontory and inhibitory activities of phenolic allelochemicals and thus using seed germination as a assay parameter whitethorn be of belittled value. KEY WORDS Swietenia macrophylla, allelopathy, growth of monggo seedlings, inhibitory effect of mahogany, introduced species INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Swietenia macrophylla, commonly known in the Philippines as mahogany, is a member of the order Sapindales, under family Meliaceae. It is a large, fast-growing, semi-evergreen tree, popular for landscaping, especially in North American and Carribean countries, where it has a vulnerable circumstance as provided by CITES (Oldfield 1995), and for its strong wood for lumber. This tree was first introduced in the Philippines as early as 1907, and 1913 as part of the Mt. Makiling forest.It is currently used in the Philippines as a lumber tree and utilized in many reforestation projects. However, studies have shown that however beneficial S. macrophylla may be to the Philippine preservation and to its purlieu, it also displays adverse effects to the Philippine wild animation. As a recently introduced species, the said tree has been unable to produce a natural web of life around it ther e are no natural consumers of mahogany in the country, and as such, the area around the tree will non be populate by native fauna immediately.It is also suspected that mahogany leaves contain allelopathic compounds. In a study conducted by P. Thinley in 2002, it was shown that S. macrophylla leaves inhibited the growth of genus Pterocarpus indicus. Allelopathic compounds inhibit growth and development of separate plants when introduced to them. Allelopathy is the production of a authorized plant of such compounds and should not to be confused with competition, which may or may not involve allelopathy. Allelopathy is common in the plant kingdom, spread out in random fashion across orders. many plants are deemed invasive due to their allelopathic character and mahogany trees are not exempt. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study aimed to determine if S. macrophylla can adversely equal the growth of plants in close proximity to it and specifically sought to answer the following questio ns 1) Does mahogany affect the growth of newly planted seedlings based on the seedlings height and weight? 2) Is there a pregnant difference between the growth of seedlings within the proximity of the mahogany tree to that of seedlings within the proximity of a different tree? ) Is there a operative difference between the pick rate of the seedlings within the proximity of the mahogany to that of seedlings within the proximity of a different tree? HYPOTHESIS The mahogany tree has no effect on the growth of newly planted seedlings. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study aimed to determine the effect of the mahogany tree on the growth of monggo seedlings based solely on the seedlings weight and height after a specified amount of time.Other possible factors that might affect the growth of the seedlings like availableness of sunlight, presence of possible predators and competition with other plants in the vicinity were not included and was not accounted for in the analysis of t he data obtained. MATERIALS & METHODS The researchers used monggo (Vigna radiata) as the undecided plant. A frequent model plant for laboratory work in Philippine schools, V. radiata is known to be easily grown, requires little maintenance and is fast-growing, which makes it ideal for an investigate limited to a few weeks.Monggo seeds were allowed to germinate by soaking the seeds overnight. Three mahogany trees located along Beta Way in the University of the Philippines Diliman Campus were chosen based on their proximity to other trees. Since competition with other flora could affect the results, it was made sure that the mahogany trees were at least three meters away from the other trees. They were marked as T1, T2 and T3. An acacia tree, Samanea monkeypod, with similar conditions to the experimental trees, particularly to its proximity to other trees, was chosen as the control tree and was marked as T0.To standardize the perplexity of planting on each tree, angles of 200 east of north and 200 west of southern were used to mark radii of 3m each on the north and south side of the tree, respectively. The plots were cleaned and cleared of grass and other flora. Each radius was divided equally into three segments on each segment 10 monggo seeds were planted with a 10cm-interval per seed. Seeds planted on the north side were labelled as N1, N2 and N3 for segments positioned 1m, 2m and 3m away from the tree respectively.The labelling system was used for the south segments. The seeds were uprooted on the 9th day. Seedlings from the same segment were sort together. The heights of the seedlings were measured using a ruler from the apex of its leaves to the tip of the roots. To standardize the measurement of the height of the seedlings, the roots were cut off at the topographic point where the taproot has become soft and fibrous. The seedlings were then weighed using a top-loading balance. The averages of the height and weight of each segment were then determin ed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSwietenia macrophylla is known to have inhibitory effects that affect adjacent growing plants. This is made possible chemically and is referred to generally as allelopathy. The term allelopathy was coined by Molisch in 1937 to refer to biochemical interactions between all types of plants, including microorganisms traditionally placed in the plant kingdom(Waller 1987). It is defined by Rice (1984) as any direct or indirect beneficial or injurious effect of one plant, including microorganisms, on the other by dint of release of chemicals to the environment.Phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, fatty acids, steroids and many other different secondary metabolites can act as allechemicals (Rice 1984 Waller 1987 Inderjit et al. 1995). However, the undefiled presence of these chemicals does not establish allelopathy, to demonstrate their involvement in allelopathy, it is important to establish 1)their direct release or indirect origin from plant-der ived materials in the environment and 2) that the chemicals are present in sufficient quantities and persist for a sufficient time in soil to affect plant species or microbes (Putnam & Tang 1986).Allelopathy is different to competition the latter defined as the removal or reduction of factors from the environment which are vital to survivability, by some other plant or microorganism sharing the same habitat. Allelopathic chemicals, or allelochemicals, are released by higher plants through several mechanisms. These are volatilization, exudation from roots, leaching from leaves or stem by rain,dew or fog, and from decomposition of residues that contain the allelochemicals. Low molecular weight allelochemicals such as those belonging to terpenes are dispersed by volatilization.Nonvolatile allelochemicals such as alkaloids store on plant surface and find their way to the soil by being leached by rainwater. Allelochemicals secreted through root exudation are of several classes. Some are alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, and many other types. Allelochemicals not directly secreted by the plant, in which some pigments are an example, but reach the soil by being released through the decomposition of the plant part that contains them (Leicach et al 2009). In the S. acrophylla, allelochemicals are released by the decomposition of leaf litter. S. macrophylla leaves are a source of tannins, which is evident on the ruby-red brown color of the dry leaves. Tannins are phenolic compounds that also function as an allelochemical. In February, mature S. macrophyllatrees shed their leaves, which will start to decompose on the ground and consequently release tannins from the cells. Aqueous extracts from the leaves of the S. macrophylla has been shown to retard the growth of Pterocarpus indicuss eedlings (Thinley 2002). Several hydrolysable and condensed tannins were identified as growth and germination inhibitors in dry fruit, growth retarders of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in sever al plants, and as reducers of seedling growth in several plants (Waller 1987). According to the data and the statistical analyses, the Swietenia macrophylla has no significant effect to the height, weight and survival of the fittest rate of the Vigna radiate seedlings compared to height, weight and survival rate of the seedlings planted near the Samanea saman. The inhibitory effects exhibited by the S. acrophylla may have been too little or inconsistent to cause a significant change on the growth of the seedlings throughout the duration of the experiment. The compared values of the height, weight and survival rate of seedlings planted near the S. macrophyllaand S. saman are shown in table 1, table 2, and table 3 respectively. The effectiveness of allelochemicals produced by S. macrophylla may have been affected by certain factors. Tannins have been shown to be bound by the humic material I of the soil and presumably inactivated (Waller 1987).The texture of soil has been proved to a ffect the effectiveness of allelochemicals, favouring fine-textured than coarse-textured soil, and secern indicates that the greater retention capacity of fine-textured soils for at least some allelochemicals may be important in the accumulation of physiologically active concentrations of these chemicals (Waller 1987). This may have been the factor that reduced the effects of the allelochemicals involved in our experiment, owing to the beta ways coarser soil composition. It is also proven that allelochemicals are decomposed in the soil, both abiotically or by microorganisms (Waller 1987).It is also observed that distance of the seedlings from the S. macrophylla has no effect on the intensity of inhibition of the growth of the V. radiata. The effect of distance to the height, weight and survival rate of the seedlings is seen in table 4, table 5 and table 6 respectively. This observation may have resulted from the mechanism in which the allelopathic tannins are dispersed. On the co me out of the study, the leaf litter covering the soil surrounding the tree also covered to plots, which meant that the plots may have received variable amounts of allelochemicals as these leached when rains fell.The type of experimentation done was also a factor in investigating the inhibitory effects of allelochemicals. Authors argue whether seed germination is an efficient test in finding out allelopathic potential of phenolic compounds seed germination is an important parameter for evaluating allelopathic potential of phenolic compounds (Rice, 1984 Waller, 1987), However, using seed germination as a bioassay parameter may be of little value (Stowe, 1979 Inderjit & Dakshini, 1995a). This is because allelopathic interactions include both promontory and inhibitory activities of phenolic allelochemicals.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to the following who contributed with the expiration of this research * First of all, to the Almig hty God, to whom the researchers dedicate this research study. * To their families and friends who served as their inspirations and the source of very much needed support. * Ms. Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez, for her support and guidance and for lending us pinko ribbons for our experiment. * Mr. James LaFrankie, for his contribution to the success of this research study. CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL AUTHORSThea Philea Mostrales abstract of data, abstract of paper, SP proper Greeny Joy Perucho Introduction and Methodology of paper, SP proper Rhoshela Vi Rendon Analysis of data, tables, SP proper John Gregor Rono Results and discussion of paper, SP proper Emmerson Rullog Introduction and Methodology, SP proper Riffcord R-Denz Tabula Results and discussion, SP proper REFERENCES Leicach, S. R. , Sampietro D. A. , Narwal, S. S. , Allelochemicals theatrical role in Plant Environment Interaction, Studium Press 2009 Plant phenolics in allelopathy. The Botanical Review. New York Botanic al Garden. 996. HighBeam Research. 4 April 2013 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 4 April 2013 Thinley P. 2002. Negative interaction between large leaf mahogany (*Swietenia macrophyllaKing) and some indigenous tree secies in lowland forest of Mt. Makiling allelopathy, a possible cause? Unpublished B. S. Forestry Thesis, UPLB-CFNR. Waller, G. R. , Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1987 TABLES Table 1. Independent Samples T-test of the Height of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level Levenes Test for play offity of Variances t-test for Equality of averages F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) rigorous Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper height Equal variances assumed . 167 . 704 . 737 4 . 502 1. 000428290 1. 357522153 -2. 768657448 4. 769514028 Equal variances not assumed . 737 3. 900 . 503 1. 000428290 1. 357522153 -2. 807242567 4. 808099147 Table 2.Independent Samples T-test of the Weight of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper weight Equal variances assumed . 344 . 589 -. 445 4 . 679 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 048224010 . 034892446 Equal variances not assumed -. 445 3. 819 . 680 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 049013784 . 035682220 Table 3. Independent Samples T-test of the Survival ramble of Monggo Plants at 0. 5 significance level Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper weight Equal variances assumed . 344 . 589 -. 445 4 . 679 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 048224010 . 034892446 Equal variances not assum ed -. 445 3. 819 . 680 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 049013784 . 035682220 Table 4. ANOVA of the Height of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 14. 889 2 7. 44 4. 598 . 062* Within Groups 9. 715 6 1. 619 Total 24. 604 8 *no significant difference Table 5. ANOVA of the Weight of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 003 2 . 001 1. 960 . 221* Within Groups . 005 6 . 001 Total . 008 8 *no significant difference Table 6. ANOVA of the Survival Rate of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 011 2 . 005 . 487 . 637* Within Groups . 065 6 . 011 Total . 076 8 *no significant differenceTable 7. Average Height, Weight, and Survival Rate of Monggo Plants Tree Distance from tree (m) Height (cm) Weight (g) Survival Rate T0 1 16. 67 0. 2361 0. 9 2 15. 49 0. 2347 0. 95 3 13. 15 0. 2074 0. 95 T1 1 16. 21 0. 2255 1. 0 2 17. 02 0. 2567 0. 75 3 16. 73 0. 2380 0. 75 T2 1 13. 00 0. 1688 0. 8 2 18. 99 0. 2553 0. 85 3 16. 55 0. 2340 1. 0 T3 1 14. 22 0. 1884 0. 95 2 16. 86 0. 1928 0. 9 3 15. 07 0. 2183 0. 9 T0 = controlled tree S. saman T1 = 1st replicate of S. macrophylla T2 =2nd replicate of S. macrophylla T3 = 3rd replicate of S. macrophylla

Once an Eagle Essay

Leadership is an important characteristic in any field. Early on, it has been recognized that the success of any organization is highly dependent upon the tonicity of loss leadership. Even if the organization has a number of talented individuals, without strong leadership, there would be no success. In a similar light, the success of the military depends on strong leadership. It has been said that in the military, leadership is a requisite.As an integral comp integritynt in fightfare, leadership determines the outcome of combat operations, without it, it can be sensibly argued that no military operation would be success. As the brain, leaders are expected to have the power of command. The subordinates in the group all rely upon the leader to declare oneself wisdom and guidance, not to mention excellent judgment. It is indwelling, therefore, that a good leader has the following characteristics such as charisma, confidence, sound judgment, wisdom and intelligence.Military tarrad iddle is filled with individuals who were born leaders. A brief glimpse into the role of monuments and military commanders will reveal a common characteristic, they were all excellent leaders. The civil war gave rise to many another(prenominal) superior commanders such as Joshua Chamberlain and John Logan who, despite their lack of military training, were equal to(p) to lead their troops into combat and inspire many victories. The requisite ability that these fine commanders possess was the ability to inspire their troops by providing an excellent example.Unlike other leaders, these fine leaders chose to lead through example. They were regarded as the epitomes of self-sacrifice and honor. None of them felt that they were too important to be left out of the battlefield and they were never hesitant to take their place in the frontlines should it be required of them. This aspect is what made them leaders. Another important aspect of leadership that is best exemplified by the action s of General Robert E. Lee who not only won the affection of his troops but also exhibited a talent for disciplined application.While it whitethorn not be necessary to have the affection of ones troops during war, as shown by General Ulysses S. Grant, current military strategies emphasize the importance of a leader who is not only able to provide sound judgment but who is also able to inspire his troops. Charisma combined with the ability to make the best decisions in any given military position would therefore be the essence of excellent leadership. The reason for this is that in achieving ones goal it is necessary that it be accomplished through motivation, direction and purpose.These essential characteristics have been shown by many of the great Commanders during the Second World War including but not limited to General Douglas McArthur who liberated Australia and the Philippines from Japanese occupation. It is difficult to assert which style works the best as it is possible th at the combination of charisma and the ability to make the best decisions in any given situation may be exhibit in many different forms of leadership.Leaders may sometimes be directors, participators or even delegators. Yet, it is not so much how the make out their leadership but their ability to get results. The military operations during the first Gulf War gave rise to a new breed of military commanders who were able to obtain results despite the differences in their leadership styles. Commanders such as Norman Schwarzkopf and Collin Powell demonstrated that leadership need not necessarily be overbearing.The important intimacy is that the commander understands the importance of the situation and is able to use the abilities of the troops, despite the limitations, to achieve the intended results. In any case, it must be remembered that the leadership that these great commanders possessed was not limited to the battlefield. From the very first day that they took command, they show ed their leadership and cultivated the necessary traits that they felt was needed in their troops in order to grow effective in future tasks.

Passive Design Strategies Achieving Effective Response to Local Climate

PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO LOCAL temperTable of contentspageAbstract.3Introduction .AbstractionThis survey is aimed at placing the specific smooth schemes that can be applied to edifices in a specific suit of local clime to accomplish a proper response to that clime. With edifices being the highest zippo consumers and inactive design schemes of major benefit in decrease of energy direct for demoralize and warming, the research go out toy out the effectivity of the major inactive chilling and instigate turning away schemes in supplying thermic soothe and how the pick of these is a effect of the local clime. To accomplish an thorough research, different literature beginnings where use to find a assortment of inactive design schemes that argon employed in different climes. From this cognition, the schemes used at the front block of suites at the Belum rainwater forest resort where identified and their effectivity is established consequently. The offset printing block of suites at the Belum rain forest resort incorporate a big figure of inactive design schemes supplying a wider fluctuation of comparing survey. These when comp bed to the another(prenominal) blocks at resort will widen the range of the research. Approximately 40 % of family energy is used for warming and chilling to accomplish thermic sympathiser. This rate could be go forth to about nothing in through sound clime antiphonal inactive designs.. To accomplish high energy efficiency at belum rain forest resort, schemes like Encouraging natural air power flow with big gaps and supplying quartering were used amongst other non as effectual methods. It can consequently be concluded that some inactive design schemes atomic number 18 more effectual than others in specific climes and cognition on this effectivity can drastic all(prenominal)y better energy efficiency gained due to the usage of these design schemes.IntroductionEach clime zone has clearly diff erent design and building demands, This is because within each of these head zones there are withal many regional sub-zones with differing local conditions features such as air current forms, humidness, temperature and tallness above sea degree.There exists a big figure of inactive design schemes that can be applied to any peculiar edifice. Of these schemes, some are cosmopolitan and would use to about all types of climes but for the most portion each of these clime zones require specific types of inactive design techniques to be applied to edifices in order to be effectual. In add-on to this, in response to the local clime, some of these specific passive schemes are more effectual than others in accomplishing their ends and thereof a grade of precedency can be placed on them for easier design determination devising.Malaysia has high temperatures and a High humidness twelvemonth unit of ammunition, to accomplish edifice sustainability energy usage for chilling has to be minimise d, the major factors to see for this clime are the air current and the solarise. Most of the heat up addition in the edifices is from the Sun specifically solar heat addition though Windowss and conductivity heat addition through walls. And most of the chilling is by air flow. From this we can clearly respect that the most effectual inactive design schemes are those that control heat addition and supply chilling through air motion.This paper will come across into how effectual peculiar inactive design schemes employed to the first block of suites at the Belum rainforest resort in reacting to the local clime by reacting to the undermentioned research inquiriesWhat is inactive computer architecture design?What are the inactive design schemes employed to accomplish decrease in heat addition in the first block of suites at the Belum rain forest resort?What are the inactive chilling design schemes employed in the first block of suites at Belum rainforest resort?How make these passiv e design schemes employed efficaciously respond to the local climePassive architecture designHarmonizing toPassive architecture design refers to a design oncoming that uses natural elements, frequently sunlight, to heat, cool, or light a edifice. Every inactive design attack is aimed to maximize comfy conditions for people to populate in, while cut vote outing the usage of energy and therefore the impact of edifices on the environment. In a physical sense, a inactive design attack is one that will utilize merely locally available energy beginnings like radiation from the Sun, air motion from air currents and temperature differences and use the natural flow waies of that energy to bring forth work. This work is hirerly the warming, chilling and illuming of enclosed infinite and as such inactive design systems will necessitate really small carry on and cut down a buildings energy ingestion by minimising or taking robotic systems like pumps and fans used to command interior tempe rature and lighting and devour a batch of energy.Passive architecture design is required in order to cut down on the demand for mechanical chilling and warming of indoor infinites. In bend this warming and chilling is required in order to accomplish thermic comfort. Therefore thermic comfort can be regarded as the terminal demand of inactive architecture design together with energy efficiency while accomplishing that. Bs en iso 7730 defines thermic comfort as that status of head which expresses satisfaction with the thermic environment. That is to state the status when person is non experiencing either excessively hot or excessively cold. The chief factors impacting thermic comfort are temperature of the air, humidness, air motion, metabolic rate and vesture. Of these, air temperature ( which is the chief determiner ) , humidness ( which affects evaporative chilling from the human tegument ) and air velocity or motion ( which accelerates vaporization ) are all affected by general en vironmental factors and can hence be controlled utilizing inactive architecture designs.inactive design schemes accomplishing heat addition decrease in the first block of suites at the Belum rain forest resortOn this block at the Belum rain forest resort, heat turning away was given extreme importance as the block is extensively shaded and a overplus of heat turning away schemes was used compared to the inactive chilling schemes. The schemes include orientation of the edifice to its site, usage of deep over bents, usage of mesh follow devices on Windowss, shadowing of walls and facade, usage of banian sticks to shadow Windowss and usage of flora for shadowing both Windowss and the frontageOrientationThis block of suites is oriented in such a manner the longer facade that has the suites and window gaps faces the north- conspiracy way with no Windowss on the east-west way. This provides for a shaded in-door infinite during twenty-four hours clip, in this set up, exposure to radiatio n is minimised as solar radiation is easy controlled by over bents since the high locomote of the Sun in the sky in summer makes it easy to shadow Windowss utilizing this while daylighting is maximised cut downing on the demand for unreal lighting in the edifice. Besides in this orientation the eastern and western sides that have no window gaps are exposed to the low-angle summer Sun in the forenoon and afternoon and hence there is less heat addition from theseDeep overhangsThis block of suites uses a pitched gable to gable type of roof.The usage of a pitched roof provided for deep over bents on the longer frontages. The overhangsOn the north and south-facing walls, control direct beam solar radiation. And therefore cut down on the ensuant heat on the facade and the first floor Windowss. Overhangs are most efficient because being foreign blend devices, they intercept solar radiation before it has entered through the Windowss or is incident on the walls and therefore even when en ergy is absorbed by them it is non trapped shadow the glass. As the edifice does non precisely face north-south, the over bents are of increased size. This was besides done to efficaciously supply shadiness for both floors of the block.Mesh shadowing on WindowssThis shading was extensively applied to all Windowss of this block of suites. This mesh shading placed in forepart of Windowss is considered more efficient than the complete bents primarily because it is suited and provides shadiness for the Windowss all through the twelvemonth. Unlike the other shading devices, it does non necessitate extended computation to acquire optimum consequences and does non depend on the angle of the Sun. The Mesh besides provides this shadowing while leting for air motion and therefore encourages cross airing. The meshes are made of coated metals as being portion of external shading devices there is demand for the stuff to be upwind resistant. They besides have an added advantage of being flexible to utilize and keep.Banyan sticks claddingThe south and north confronting walls of this block are about wholly made of Windowss to advance airing with minimised exposed wall. The entireness of the Windowss and exposed wall is clad in tight arranged banian sticks that farther heighten the shading to the Windowss in add-on to the mesh shading provided. Like the other external shading devices it reduces on the incident heat on the Windowss and the walls. And besides due to their distance from the window radiation energy absorbed by the banian sticks is non re-radiated to the window or wall. They were besides used as a base for vegetive shading. Bing a signifier of perpendicular shading, they have been besides used to shadow the E and west frontages of the block. The banian sticks are treated to accomplish conditions opposition and prevent decay. They have a major disadvantage of cut downing visibleness and natural twenty-four hours light into the edificeThe facade of the block was be sides constructed in such a manner that the open walls are perpendicular to the way of the facade and as such are wholly shaded by next walls. This design ensures that no external wall is straight exposed to the Sun and as such do non absorb radiant heat.Vegetative shadingThis was achieved at this block of suites by usage of mounting workss that get support from the banian sticks cladding. With the banyan sticks already positioned to supply shading, the workss are introduced so as to heighten the shadiness provided by the sticks. These workss provide the 3rd and concluding bed of shadowing after the mesh shading and the banian sticks cladding. They cut down solar radiation to every bit low every bit low as 20 % .These together with the banian sticks facade cladding besides work as a clime shield, protecting the edifice from rain and air current bill of exchanges through the Windowss.They besides protect the edifices coloring solid and the facade its ego from intensive conditions. P lants besides have the added advantage of supplying evapo-transpiration, where, as workss transpire and loose H2O to the ambiance, the vaporization that takes topographic points uses heat energy from the environing chilling it in return.Passive chilling schemes employed in the first block of suites at the Belum rainforest resort.

Pricing Strategy of Soft Drinks Today Essay

We will basically focus on the price strategies adopted by these two affluence companies, how the change in the strategy of angiotensin converting enzyme of them reflects in the strategy of the other. textual matterbookbookbookmark-start Entry barriers in loco drink Market textbookmark-end The several factors that make it very difficult for the competition to attain the soft drink grocery store include Network Bottling Both Coke and PepsiCo have franchisee agreements with their existing bottlers who have rights in a certain geographical ara in perpetuity. These agreements prohibit bottlers from taking on new competing brands for similar products.Also with the recent consolidation among the bottlers and the backward integration with both(prenominal) Coke and Pepsi buying significant percent of bottling companies, it is very difficult for a firm entering to find bottlers willing to distribute their product. The other speak to to try and build their bottling plants would be v ery capital-intensive effort with new efficient plant capital requirements in 2009 being more than $500 million. The advertising and merchandising spend in the industry is very high by Coke, Pepsi and their bottlers.This makes it extremely difficult for an entrant to compete with the incumbents and gain any visibility. Coke and Pepsi have a long history of heavy advertising and this has earned them huge amount of brand equity and loyal nodes all over the world. This makes it or so impossible for a new entrant to match this scale in this merchandise place. Retailer Shelf Space (Retail Distribution) Retailers enjoy significant margins of 15-20% on these soft drinks for the shelf space they offer. These margins are quite significant for their bottom-line.This makes it tough for the new entrants to convince retailers to carry/substitute their new products for Coke and Pepsi. To enter into a food market with entrenched rival behemoths like Pepsi and Coke is not easy as it could lead to price wars which affect the new comer. textbookmark-start SWOT Analysis textbookmark-end Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats textbookmark-start Various cola brands products Available textbookmark-end textbookmark-start Pricing Strategy textbookmark-end textbookmark-start Coke Price textbookmark-end.textbookmark-start Pepsi Price textbookmark-end textbookmark-start Pricing strategy for Buyer and Suppliers textbookmark-end Suppliers The soft drink industry have a negotiating advantage from its suppliers as most of the raw materials needed to produce concentrate are basic commodities like Color, flavor, caffeine or additives, sugar, packaging. The producers of these products have no power over the pricing hence the suppliers in this industry are weak. This makes the soft drink industry a cheap input industry which helps in increasing their gross margin. BuyersThe study channels for the Soft Drink industry are food stores, Fast food fountain, vending, convenience stores and ot hers in the recount of market share. The profitability in for each one of these shares clearly illustrate the buyer power and how different buyers pay different prices based on their power to negotiate. These buyers in this segment are somewhat merge with several chain stores and few local supermarkets, since they offer premium shelf space they command lower prices, the net operating profit before tax revenue (NOPBT) for concentrate producers is high. This segment of buyers is extremely fragmented and hence has to pay higher prices.This segment of buyers are the least profitable because of their king-sized amount of purchases they make, it allows them to have freedom to negotiate. Coke and Pepsi primarily consider this segment Paid Sampling with low margins. NOPBT in this segment is very low. Vending This channel serves the customers directly with absolutely no power with the buyer. textbookmark-start Effect of competition and Price War on Industry profits textbookmark-end In the early 1990s Coke and Pepsi employed low price strategy in the supermarket channel in order to compete with store brands.Coke and Pepsi however in the late 90s decided to abandon the price war, which was not doing industry any right-hand(a) by raising the prices. Coke was more successful internationally compared to Pepsi due to its early lead as Pepsi had failed to concentrate on its international business aft(prenominal) the world war and prior to the 70s. Pepsi however sought to correct this mistake by entering emerging markets where it was not at a war-ridden disadvantage with respect to Coke as it failed to make any heady way in the European market.textbookmark-start Pricing Strategy used for market capitalization textbookmark-end Price is a very important part of the marketing mix as it can affect both the supply and strike for soft drinks. The price of soft drinks products is one of the most important factors in a customers decision to buy. Price will often be the diffe rence that will push a customer to buy our product over another, as long as most things are fairly similar. For this terra firma pricing policies need to be designed with consumers and external influences in mind, in order to effectively achieve a stable balance between sales and covering the production costs.Till the late 1980s, the standard SKU (Stock Keeping Unit) for a soft drink was 200 ml. In 1989, when Indian government opened the market to multinationals, Pepsi was the first to come in. Thums Up (a product of Parle) went up against the international giant for an intense onslaught with neither side giving any quarter. Around 1989, Pepsi launched 250 ml bottles and the market also moved on to the new standard size. When Coke re-entered India in 1993, it introduced 300 ml as the smallest bottle size. Soon, Pepsi followed and 300 ml became the standard.With large population and low consumption the rural market represented a significant opportunity for penetration and market do minance. Competitive pricing was the key. Then the expertness went from 250ml to 300ml, aptly named MahaCola. This nickname gained popularity in smaller towns where people would ask for Maha Cola instead of Thums Up. The consumers were divided where some felt the Pepsis mild taste was sort of bland. In 1993 Coca-Cola re-entered India after prolonged absences from 1977 to 1993. But Coca-Colas entry made things even more complicated and the fight became a three-way battle.That same year, in a move that baffled many, Parle sold out to Coke for a meager US$ 60 million (considering the market share it had). Further, as the take up changed, both Pepsi and Coke introduced 1 liter returnable glass bottles. RGB 250ml 1989 Rs 8 RGB 300ml 1993 Rs 9 RGB 300ml, 1994 Rs 9 RGB 300ml 1996 Rs 11 Pet bottles 1 liter, 2 liter 1996 Rs 25, Rs 42 RGB 300ml 1997 Rs 7 Pet bottles 1 liter, 2 liter 1997 Rs 20, Rs 38 RGB 200ml, 300ml (negligible) 2002-03 Rs 5, Rs 11 Pet bottles 500ml, 1 liter, 1. 5 liter, 2 liter 2002-03 Rs 18, Rs 25 Can 330ml 2002-03 Rs 35.textbookmark-start Penetration pricing textbookmark-end In the past (in 2002-03), Coke had already targeted rural consumers by bringing down the entry price (Rs 5 a bottle) for its product. Now, it has stepped up distribution of its 200-ml (priced at Rs 7 and Rs 8) returnable-glass-bottles. To surmount the penetration policy of Coke, Pepsi too came up with the same Price penetration policy by unveiling products like Chota Pepsi with the price of Rs 5 to challenge the coke product. The small size was basically used to target rural market to make new customer habitual to it. textbookmark-start Conclusion textbookmark-end.

Compare the ways Harper Lee and RL Stevenson present towns of Maycomb and London in their novels Essay

Harper lee and Robert Louis Stevenson use two very different towns to provide the setting for their novels. Harper lee(prenominal) sets To cancel out A taunting Bird in Maycomb in the Southern states of America in the 1930s. Robert Louis Stevenson sets Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in Victorian London. Although these be two very different fond settings at two different times in history, at that place are both similarities and nigh contrasts in the way the authors use a sense of go forth to develop the main matters of their stories and to provide an appropriate world for the characters they create. In this essay I will explore some of the ways in which they do this.Maycomb is depict in the keep as a tired old town. There is a main square and a county court admit. The main family in the book the Finches brave on the main residential street. They sit out on their front porches in summer and Lee gives us a intent of a closely-knit fraternity where everybody knows everything abou t one another, or so they think.. She goes on to show later that all in all is not as idyllic as it seems at first on the surface. In contrast, the London that Stevenson portrays in Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde is seen as a big, distant and impersonal community where there seems to be a hand out of difference of opinion and discomfort between the characters and, in particular, the social splites as they go about their every sidereal day lives. Stevenson describes the streets in London as dirty, narrow and winding and the buildings as tenebrous and oppressive to create a cast down atmosphere and provide a backdrop of gloom and evil for Stevensons story.The characters in To kill a Mocking Bird overall seem on the surface to be good, honest hard-working hatful who are friendly and take everyday problems in their stride. This conceals, however, a late engrained hatred towards Negroes and their way of life based on parti pris. Basically, everybody in Maycomb, with a few exceptions, is racist, notions at blacks as inferior to themselves and treats them badly by giving them the hardest manual pranks with the lowlyest pay. This deep division in the community is reflected in the physical segregation of black from white, with the blacks living in their own poor housing aside from the whites. In Stevensons London, there is also a sense of social division, but this time it is between rich and poor. Colour is replaced by social class to separate out the different parts of the community.In To obliterate a Mocking Bird The Finch Family provide some of the central characters. Atticus, father to Jem and Scout is a good lawyer and a thoroughly-respected leader of the community whom many quite a little look up to and respect his views especially his children Jem and Scout who he tries to teach them from what is reform from what is wrong by teaching them important morals. In Particular, he wont tolerate racism and sees it as a destructive dividing line, which shouldnt exist.An simulation in the book of racial discrimination is that Negroes had few educational opportunities. Calpurnia taught her son Zeebo to read from the bible and a law book. Zeebos job (Dustman) shows the limited job prospects for blacks but Zeebo considers his job as a good job for a Negro. This shows how far Negroes were down the social spectrum and that they accepted their lowly social position and had low expectations. The white people also do not question this social status quo as they feel superior.At the Missionary tea party all the ladies enjoy Calpurnias cooking but they treat Calpurnia as if shes not even there, showing no recognition towards her. All through the book Blacks were constantly derided and insulted, referred to as niggers and practically viewed as immoral and potentially criminal. The tensitys which arise from this relationship between black and white in Maycomb is a main theme throughout the book.There is a dividing line when it comes to social class in Maycomb, with different types of people seen as inferior to others i.e. blacks, and the poor whites. The people who are seen as poor and inferior are usually the ones that do a lot of the hard working manual jobs to satisfy and provide for other member s of the community. Another poor community in Maycomb is the Cunninghams, who are all farmers and the Euells who are really poor and live next to the dump yard. The Negroes are seen as light down the social spectrum even than the embarrassment to the town (The Euells). What at first sight seems to be an ordinary town full of respectable moral people is gradually revealed to be full of spite and prejudice. Harper Lee uses the layout of the town and the contrast between living conditions to emphasise this point.The people in Maycomb who are well off are the people with the good jobs and the power to govern the town.There is also a theme of social division in Jekyll and Hyde with things not unceasingly as respectable as they seem. Jek yll and Hyde. There is an upper class of people who have good, well-paid and respectable jobs just kindred Jekyll who was a doctor and Utterson who was a lawyer. two had wealth and nice houses. But, there are two sides to the matter. Although seeming respectable, Jekyll was not happy with his life, He even called upon prostitution to satisfy his needs, Even that wasnt tolerable and he used his position as a doctor to make up a concoction to change his physical appearance for a pathetic amount of time so that he could experience what it would be comparable to be different and poor on the murky streets of London.The weather in To Kill a Mocking Bird is used to reflect the mood the town is in, and where the town is positioned it is usually very hot a lot of the time. Often, when the weather is depict as hot in the book there is usually some kind of confrontation going on or some sort of tension thus symbolising conflict. Lee also uses the changing seasons to emphasis some of the points she wishes to make. When the weather is described as autumn it gives the impression of a dull hoar period. When its winter in the book it says it snows and that it doesnt snow ever. This brings in a kind of mystical cold sensation, which is linked in with Boo Radley. When winter turns to spring it emphasis new life and a warm comfortable feeling. All these different seasons are used to represent the act of time handout and each season represents different events which occur in the novel.The weather in London is somewhat of a strange atmosphere. It is described as a lot of the time as cosmos stuporgy and murky, givingus the impression of a cold and dark situation occurring, London is basically being described as depressing and dangerous which causes tension and disturbance. Stevenson perhapsused the fog to hide the surroundings or to make it hazy like it is not quite all there, the next moment the fog settled down again upon that port but beyond the fog shows the true pict ure. The fog is merely there to create a sense of imposition, that there is more than one side to everything. By Stevenson using such dramatic atmospheric devices, he wanted to show the readers that not everything is what it seems on the outside, you have to look twice to see the reality.In To Kill A Mockingbird Maycomb the sleepy little town seems to have a very warm sense of community and friendship among the locals. The houses in Maycomb are fairly straight forward, basic and overall very adequate situated fairly close together to give a close feel of a community but they also have their privacy. Some people dont like the insides of their houses for object lesson, Miss Maudie who lives next admission to Atticus Jem and Scout absolutely hates being cooped up inside all the time she detests it greatly and finds the great out doors more her kind of thing as she spends most of her time outside in her beautiful garden. To contrast with this, there are some people who just stay insi de all day every day for example Boo Radley who doesnt go out at all. In fact, he hadnt been seen for many years outside he just observes and watches life past by. Lee uses this contrast between inside and outside to good effect to emphasise things about her characters and add depth to their characterisation.In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde London the busy, vibrant, gloomy city has a very distant sense of community and friendship. The houses in Victorian London are described as being dark and pretty derelict on the outside but on the inside it shows a different interpretation of the interior, which is stylish, and a big contrast to the exterior. For example in the inside of Jekylls house Stevenson describes a bright open fire, and furnished with costly cabinets of oak. This gives us the impression that Jekyll is well off. The front of Jeyklls house is really grand and elegant, and fits a successful man, whereas the back is a total contrast to the front.The back is really dingy and dirt- rid den and you would expect an unemployed tramp to live there. Stevenson uses this contrast to show us two sides to Jekylls house and two sides to him, the good side (the front) where Jekyll goes in and looks respectable and the bad side (the back) where Hyde comes out and represents evil. This shows that the duplicity in Jekyll/Hyde is reflected in the house, a respectable front conceals a sinister and dark back. Stevenson shows us through this device that everything is not ceaselessly as it seems.This difference between what something seems to be on the surface and what it is really like is also a theme in To Kill A Mockingbird. Maycomb seems like a tiresome little town where not much action or politics ever happens and that everybody gets on and lives in harmony. However, the outside is not always what it seems and there is a lot of hidden conflict among the townsfolk. They are very intolerant of anything or anybody who is different to what they in their small-minded way think of a s normal. For example, Boo Radley, who never goes outside, was dubbed as a monster by the kids who live in the town. Also Dolphus Raymond, who lives with a black women and has All sorts of mixed children, people think that he drinks whisky from the bag he carries round all day and he is adjudicateled an evil man.The truth is he doesnt drink whisky all day, he gives that impression because the townsfolk of Maycomb could never understand why he lives his life like he does and he gives them a reason to hate him by pretending to be a drunkard. These two people show the harsh reality of peoples beliefs in Maycomb and how they label people because theyre different or associated with other people that are seen as immoral and wrong. For example, when Miss Gates comments on the importance of democracy and discusses Hitlers wrong doings of persecuting the Jews as being immoral and pathetic, she later demonstrates some of the same prejudice complaining that Negroes are getting way above thems elves. Lee illustrates Miss Gates hypocrisy from talking about Hitlers wrong doings and commenting that it is wrong she later does basically the same to Negroes as Hitler did to the Jews. Lee uses examples like this to show that, basically, lots of the people in Maycomb were two-faced and could not see the wrong in undermining the Negroes, which shows their total hypocrisy. The true harsh reality in Maycomb was that close everyone was racist with a few exceptions and that the people didnt like anything to be different from what was considered normal life.In this essay I have explored briefly some of the main themes running through Jekyll and Hyde and To kill a Mocking Bird. In both novels everything is not what it appears to be on the surface. The people who live in the worlds of these novels are not always what they seem. There is deep social division and tension in the two communities that leads to conflict and a clash between good and evil. Stevenson and Lee use the geography of London and Maycomb, their climates and their social settings to put over their themes. They use these places to give their novels atmosphere and to create an appropriate setting for there characters. They use their towns efficaciously to reinforce their main messages. Stevenson uses London to expose some of the hypocrisies of Victorian life where respectable people often exploited the poor. Lee uses Maycomb to challenge racial prejudice and intolerance of people who are different at a time when the civil rights movement in America was beginning to gather momentum.